{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T23:27:54Z","timestamp":1774740474196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-communicable diseases, previously thought of as a problem of high-income countries, now coexist in low- and middle-income countries, including the countries of origin for many refugees traveling to Europe. We aimed to describe the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among refugees, asylum seekers, and subsidiary protection beneficiaries resettled or relocated in Portugal between 2015 and 2020 and compare these to the prevalence of risk factors in the 12 months before they left their country of origin. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2019 and 2020 of all refugees, asylum seekers, and subsidiary protection beneficiaries attending a Lisbon, Portugal refugee center. Behavioral and biological risk factors were assessed using the WHO STEPwise modified questionnaire. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted, which included 80 respondents, mainly men, with an average age of of 30.3 \u00b1 9.8 years. The prevalence of several behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among refugees, asylum seekers, and subsidiary protection beneficiaries was higher at the time of the study than in the 12 months before leaving the country of origin. Differences between men and women were noted in tobacco (49.1% vs. 25.9%) and alcohol use (43.4% vs. 18.5%) in the receiving country. Overweight and obesity also showed differences by gender (7.5% vs. 11.1% and 39.6% vs. 48.1%). The prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicidalplanning was high, and varied from 6.3% and 20% in the country of origin to 16.3% and 38.5% respectively in the receiving country, however the prevalence of suicide attempts was lower in the receiving country (66.7%) compared to the country of origin (100.0%). Information on health and social determinants is critical to identify priorities and increase access to access to gender-specific health and community level interventions, including mental health, to reduce risk factors associated with refugee relocation and resettlement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:23:16Z","timestamp":1731478996000},"page":"1505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Subsidiary Protection Beneficiaries Resettled or Relocated in Portugal Between 2015 and 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9599-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Pinto de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-0268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Fronteira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-407 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-407 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396, 1204\u20131222."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 26). Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013\u20132020, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241506236."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bloom, D., Cafiero, E., Jan\u00e9-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L., Fathima, S., Feigl, A., Gaziano, T., Hamandi, A., and Mowafi, M. (2024, August 26). The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. PGDA Working Papers 8712, Program on the Global Demography of Aging. Available online: https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/gdm\/wpaper\/8712.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 26). Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in Refugees and Migrants. Technical Guidance on Refugee and Migrant Health, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/311461."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2017.1394481","article-title":"Addressing NCDs: A unifying agenda for sustainable development","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 26). Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2018, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/274512."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 26). Noncommunicable Diseases, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60616-4","article-title":"Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25\u00d725 noncommunicable disease mortality reduction target: A modelling study","volume":"384","author":"Kontis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61851-0","article-title":"Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses","volume":"381","author":"Khang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tay107","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay107","article-title":"Non-communicable diseases in migrants: An expert review","volume":"26","author":"Agyemang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Travel. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"77","article-title":"Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and associated medication use among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: An analysis of country-wide data from the Sijilli electronic health records database","volume":"15","author":"Saleh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9552-1","article-title":"High prevalence of chronic noncommunicable conditions among adult refugees: Implications for practice and policy","volume":"37","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-437","article-title":"The health impacts of the refugee crisis: A medical charity perspective","volume":"16","author":"Daynes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198102000-00001","article-title":"The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction","volume":"19","author":"Penchansky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18","article-title":"Patient-Centred access to health care: Conceptualizing access at the interface of health systems and populations","volume":"12","author":"Levesque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0833-x","article-title":"The health needs and access barriers among refugees and asylum-seekers in Malaysia: A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Chuah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loganathan, T., Rui, D., Ng, C.W., and Pocock, N. (2019). Breaking down the barriers: Understanding migrant workers\u2019 access to healthcare in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218669"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, D., Kristiansen, M., Krasnik, A., and Norredam, M. (2011). Access to healthcare and alternative health-seeking strategies among undocumented migrants in Denmark. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-560"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2731-0","article-title":"Refugees\u2019 experiences of healthcare in the host country: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Mangrio","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529","article-title":"Understanding and responding to health literacy as a social determinant of health","volume":"42","author":"Nutbeam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61806-6","article-title":"Embedding noncommunicable diseases in the post-2015 development agenda","volume":"381","author":"Alleyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, September 24). The WHO STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. WHO Stepwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/surveillance\/systems-tools\/steps\/manuals."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Elm, E., Altman, D., Egger, M., Pocock, S., G\u00f8tzsche, P., and Vandenbroucke, J. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"OECD, and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (2019). Country Health Profile 2019, State of Health in the EU, OECD."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Davies, A., Basten, A., and Frattini, C. (2009). Migration: A Social Determinant of the Health of Migrants, International Organization for Migration. Available online: https:\/\/migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/2009-10\/docl_9914_392596992.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10308-011-0291-1","article-title":"Social determinants and risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in South Asian migrant populations in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Birchall, J. (2024, August 26). Gender, Age and Migration: An extended briefing. Institute of Development Studies, BRIDGE. Available online: https:\/\/opendocs.ids.ac.uk\/articles\/online_resource\/Gender_Age_and_Migration_An_extended_briefing\/26474128?file=48248092."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"305","article-title":"Preventable risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural Indonesia: Prevalence study using the WHO STEPS approach","volume":"84","author":"Nawiet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshio, T., and Kan, M. (2019). Educational level as a predictor of the incidences of non-communicable diseases among middle-aged Japanese: A hazards model analysis. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7182-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corburn, J., and Sverdlik, A. (2017). Slum upgrading and health equity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040342"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e1226","article-title":"Is poverty another cause of cancer: An empirical analysis","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Cancer Res. J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Karamessini, M., and Rubery, J. (2013). Structural crisis and adjustment in Greece: Social regression and the challenge to gender equality. Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61228-8","article-title":"WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide","volume":"380","author":"Marmot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 26). WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000\u20132025, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/1263754\/retrieve."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Santos, A., Gil, A., Kislaya, I., Antunes, L., Braz, P., Rodrigues, A., Alves, C., Namorado, S., Gaio, V., and Barreto, M. (2017). 1st National Health Examination Survey (INSEF 2015): Preventive Health Care, INSA, IP. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.18\/4796."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (DGS) (2024, August 26). Programa Nacional para a Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e o Controlo do Tabagismo, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/portal-da-estatistica-da-saude\/diretorio-de-informacao\/diretorio-de-informacao\/por-serie-1219790-pdf.aspx?v=%3d%3dDwAAAB%2bLCAAAAAAABAArySzItzVUy81MsTU1MDAFAHzFEfkPAAAA."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"200126","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among refugees and asylum seekers: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"AlHeresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2017). Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees: An Overview of the Literature Relating to Drug Use and Access to Services, EMCDDA. Available online: https:\/\/eurotox.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/EMCDDA_Migrants-asylum-seekers-and-refugees-an-overview-of-the-literature-relating-to-drug-use-and-access-to-services-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 392, 1015\u20131035."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Noncommunicable Diseases in the South-East Asia Region: Situation and Response."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.3109\/10826081003793920","article-title":"Drinking, and displacement: A systematic review of the influence of forced displacement on harmful alcohol use","volume":"45","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.11","article-title":"Problem drinking among Cambodian refugees in the United States: How big of a problem is it?","volume":"68","author":"Schell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.571","article-title":"Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States","volume":"294","author":"Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640802508200","article-title":"Alcohol use among two generations of Southeast Asians in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12088","article-title":"Separation from family and its impact on the mental health of Sudanese refugees in Australia: A qualitative study","volume":"37","author":"Savic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00458.x","article-title":"Mental disorders, disability and health service use amongst Vietnamese refugees and the host Australian population","volume":"111","author":"Steel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Masmas, T.N., Moller, E., Buhmannr, C., Bunch, V., Jensen, J.H., Hansen, T.N., J\u00f8rgensen, L.M., Kjaer, C., Mannstaedt, M., and Oxholm, A. (2024, August 16). Asylum seekers in Denmark\u2014A study of health status and grade of traumatization of newly arrived asylum seekers Torture 2008, 18, 77\u201386, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19289884\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2004.06.002","article-title":"Killing time: Drug and alcohol problems among asylum seekers in the Netherlands","volume":"16","author":"DuPont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt009","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption assessed using the AUDIT among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal","volume":"48","author":"Luitel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.03.006","article-title":"Alcohol disorder amongst forcibly displaced persons in northern Uganda","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, B., Murphy, A., Chikovani, I., Makhashvili, N., Patel, V., and McKee, M. (2014). Individual, and community level risk-factors for alcohol use disorder among conflict-affected persons in Georgia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098299"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.09.007","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon","volume":"72","author":"Kazour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2008.5.4.213","article-title":"Traumatic experiences, and mental health of North Korean refugees in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01261.x","article-title":"Substance use among populations displaced by conflict: A literature review","volume":"36","author":"Ezard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2-2A","article-title":"Noncommunicable diseases and postconflict countries","volume":"90","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) (2024, August 18). Rapid Assessment of Alcohol and Other Substance Use in Conflict-Affected and Displaced Populations, Available online: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/media\/rapid-assessment-alcohol-and-other-substance-use-conflict-affected-and-displaced-populations."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0228-9","article-title":"Mental, neurological, and substance use problems among refugees in primary health care: Analysis of the Health Information System in 90 refugee camps","volume":"12","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sowey, H., and Are Refugees at Increased Risk of Substance Misuse (2024, August 18). Sydney: Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre. Available online: https:\/\/library.bsl.org.au\/jspui\/bitstream\/1\/747\/1\/Refugee_Drug_Alcohol_Vulnerability.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13692-6","article-title":"Common mental disorders in postconflict settings","volume":"361","author":"Komproe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61873-0","article-title":"Healthcare needs of people affected by conflict: Future trends and changing frameworks","volume":"375","author":"Spiegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cancer risks and prevention practices among Vietnamese refugees","volume":"153","author":"Jenkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"173","article-title":"Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in displaced persons","volume":"41","author":"Ljubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892006001000005","article-title":"The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Columbia","volume":"20","author":"Puertas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.863343","article-title":"It\u2019s not just the alcohol: Gender, alcohol use, and intimate partner violence in Mae La refugee camp, Thailand, 2009","volume":"49","author":"Ezard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690701535998","article-title":"Forced Migration and Mental Health: Rethinking the Care of Refugees and Displaced Persons","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602","article-title":"Predisplacement and post displacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis","volume":"294","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Miller, K., and Rasco, L. (2004). An ecological framework for addressing the mental health needs of refugee communities. The Mental Health of Refugees: Ecological Approaches to Healing and Adaptation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Available online: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2004-14143-001."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.4.395","article-title":"A social stress model of substance abuse","volume":"58","author":"Rhodes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.1.83","article-title":"Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review","volume":"120","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160031005","article-title":"Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"54","author":"Kessler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.913","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: Testing causal pathways","volume":"55","author":"Chilcoat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.3.289","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma","volume":"60","author":"Breslau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.771","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among urban and rural Mexican Americans in California","volume":"55","author":"Vega","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021002925","article-title":"What factors are associated with food security among recently arrived refugees resettling in high-income countries? A scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01085-4","article-title":"Nutritional Status and Obstacles to Healthy Eating Among Refugees in Geneva","volume":"22","author":"Amstutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11268-9","article-title":"Factors influencing the nutritional behavior of Syrian migrants in Germany\u2014Results of a qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"Sauter","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00914-z","article-title":"Risk, lifestyle and non-communicable diseases of poverty","volume":"19","author":"Manderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, August 18). Physical Activity, Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs385\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forss, K.S., Mangrio, E., Leijon, M., Grahn, M., and Zdravkovic, S. (2021). Physical Activity in Relation to Wellbeing Among Newly Arrived Refugees in Sweden: A quantitative Study. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.532883"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9917-2","article-title":"Perspectives on physical activity among immigrants and refugees to a small urban community in Minnesota","volume":"17","author":"Wieland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.07.016","article-title":"What are the barriers and facilitators to exercise and physical activity uptake and adherence among South Asian older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"55","author":"Horne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000437","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews","volume":"32","author":"Warburton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v38n01_06","article-title":"Physical activity programs for refugee Somali women: Working out in a new country","volume":"38","author":"Guerin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"52","article-title":"Playing for the future. The role of sport and recreation in supporting refugee young people to \u2018settle well\u2019 in Australia","volume":"27","author":"Olliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Youth Stud. Aust."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2011.592205","article-title":"Beyond the playing field: Experiences of sport, social capital, and integration among Somalis in Australia","volume":"35","author":"Spaaij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn. Racial Stud."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101365","article-title":"Physical activity participation among Arab immigrants and refugees in Western societies: A scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Elshahat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"European Commission, Eurostat (EC) (2024, August 18). Eurostat Statistics Explained. Healthcare Activities Statistics\u2014Preventive Services, Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Healthcare_activities_statistics_-_preventive_services&oldid=581617#Cervical_cancer_screening."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S314090","article-title":"Access to Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Services Among Urban Refugees and Asylum Seekers, Relative to the Thai Population, 2019: A Case Study in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Phaiyarom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinyemiju, T.F. (2012). Socioeconomic and health access determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income countries: Analysis of the World Health Survey. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048834"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogo, E., Murray, M., Villanueva, G., Hamel, C., Garner, P., Senior, S.L., and Henschke, N. (2022). Suicide rates and suicidal behaviour in displaced people: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263797"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade (DGS) (2024, August 18). Programa Nacional para a Sa\u00fade Mental 2017, Available online: http:\/\/www.fnerdm.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/DGS_PNSM_2017.10.09_VF.pdf."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rada, I., and Cabieses, B. (2024). Challenges for the prevention of hypertension among international migrants in Latin America: Prioritizing the health of migrants in healthcare systems. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1125090"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13058","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13058","article-title":"What factors are associated with obesity-related health behaviours among child refugees following resettlement in developed countries? A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative and quantitative evidence","volume":"21","author":"Alsubhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-63","article-title":"A focus group study of healthy eating knowledge, practices, and barriers among adult and adolescent immigrants and refugees in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Tiedje","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28589","article-title":"High adiposity and high body mass index\u2013for-age in US children and adolescents overall and by race-ethnic group","volume":"91","author":"Flegal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., and Kjellstrom, T. (2010). Epidemiologia B\u00e1sica, Grupo Editorial Nacional. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/095892879800800401","article-title":"The \u2018interpreter effect\u2019: Rendering interpreters visible in cross-cultural research and methodology","volume":"8","author":"Jentsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Eur. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, October 22). Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment: WHO Global Report, Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43328\/9241593598_eng.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/11\/1505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:23Z","timestamp":1760113883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/11\/1505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21111505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21111505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}