{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:22:01Z","timestamp":1773138121870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"framework of INNOV4LIFE","award":["0088_INNOV4LIFE_1_P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0088_INNOV4LIFE_1_P"]}]},{"name":"framework of INNOV4LIFE","award":["2024.02137.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.02137.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["0088_INNOV4LIFE_1_P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0088_INNOV4LIFE_1_P"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2024.02137.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.02137.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital therapeutics (DTx) are transforming healthcare delivery through personalised, evidence-based interventions that offer a cost-effective approach to health management. However, their widespread adoption faces significant barriers including privacy concerns, usability issues, and integration challenges within healthcare systems. This review assesses the current evidence on DTx, with a particular focus on the role of co-creation in enhancing design and usability. A narrative review was conducted to identify studies exploring co-creation in DTx development. Three studies were selected for in-depth analysis, demonstrating that co-creation processes significantly improve the usability and effectiveness of DTx interventions. Findings underscore challenges in DTx implementation, including complex regulatory processes, digital inequality, high development costs, and difficulties in integrating with existing healthcare systems. Despite the existence of discrete examples of co-creation in DTx and its acknowledged value in the healthcare domain, systematic research in this field remains markedly limited. Future studies should prioritise establishing best practises for co-creation, with particular emphasis on methods to enhance data privacy and security, standardisation protocols, and patient engagement strategies to optimise DTx adoption and effectiveness. This review contributes to the growing body of literature on DTx by highlighting the potential of co-creation while also identifying critical areas for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1732849028000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Co-Creation in the Development of Digital Therapeutics: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Mimoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0183-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Mid\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Videira","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Riba D\u2019Ave\/CIDIFAD\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Diagn\u00f3stico, Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e Acompanhamento das Dem\u00eancias, 4765-220 Riba D\u2019Ave, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Riba D\u2019Ave\/CIDIFAD\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Diagn\u00f3stico, Forma\u00e7\u00e3o e Acompanhamento das Dem\u00eancias, 4765-220 Riba D\u2019Ave, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPTEC-Science and Technology Park, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Facal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Felpete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6093-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACIS-Agencia Gallega para la Gesti\u00f3n del Conocimiento en Salud, 15707 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-1480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00edsio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto4Ageing\u2014Competences Centre on Active and Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, 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