{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:21:20Z","timestamp":1775766080836,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CERENA\u2014Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment","award":["UID\/04028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04028"]}]},{"name":"CERENA\u2014Research Center for Natural Resources and Environment","award":["UI\/BD\/152300\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152300\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources and Environment\u2014CERENA","award":["UID\/04028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04028"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources and Environment\u2014CERENA","award":["UI\/BD\/152300\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152300\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radionuclide-contaminated water is carcinogenic and poses numerous severe health risks and environmental dangers. Thus, effective removal techniques are required to ensure the safety of drinking water sources. This article overviews several methods to remove naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) from water, including adsorption, coagulation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodialysis, iron manganese filtration, and membrane filtration. A search is conducted in different scientific databases to identify relevant articles, reviews, and studies on removing radionuclides from water. The overarching goal of this article is to deepen the understanding of the techniques available for radionuclide removal from water and to foster the creation of innovative solutions for water contamination concerns. Each technique is examined in terms of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability in removing specific radionuclides from water sources. The advantages and limitations of these techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of selecting the most appropriate method based on the characteristics of the radionuclides and the water source. Different methods can be combined for the more effective removal of radionuclides from water, such as coagulation and filtration, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. The treatment of water contaminated with radionuclides requires prior laboratory work and pilot-scale tests to determine the most suitable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1746391357000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["State-of-the-Art Review on Removal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid","family":"Al-Shomali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-FEUP\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alcides","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Radioatividade Natural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra (LRN-FCTUC), Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, Polo II, 330-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Clara","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lurdes","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA-FEUP\u2014Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Engineering Faculty, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"057010","article-title":"Lung Cancer and 222Rn: Pooled Analysis of Uranium Miners Hired in 1960 or Later","volume":"130","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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