{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:03Z","timestamp":1760060103402,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds","award":["UID\/04045","UID\/04033\/2020","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","UIDB\/04621\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04045","UID\/04033\/2020","LA\/P\/0126\/2020","UIDB\/04621\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity, particularly when practiced in natural settings, has well-established benefits for overall health, sleep, and body composition. These effects are especially important for postmenopausal women, although research specifically targeting this population remains limited. The study evaluated a 16-week multicomponent outdoor exercise program (cardiorespiratory, strength, balance, coordination, and flexibility training) in postmenopausal women, consisting of three 60 min sessions per week. Participants were non-randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 55) and a control group (CG, n = 20). Measurements were taken at baseline and after 16 weeks, including body composition, sleep (duration and quality), and connection with nature. No significant differences were observed between groups at baseline. After the intervention, the EG and CG presented significant differences (p \u2264 0.01) in the rates of change in body mass, fat mass (FM; \u22129.26% and \u22121.21%, respectively), and visceral fat level (VFL; \u221213.46 points and \u22123.80 points). These differences were also observed for the sleep fragmentation index (p \u2264 0.01), but not for connection with nature. A significant interaction effect (p &lt; 0.01) of time \u00d7 group was observed for %FM, VFL, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Exercise duration had an effect (p = 0.043) on participants\u2019 personal and affective identification with nature, and the time \u00d7 group \u00d7 medication interaction significantly influenced sleep efficiency (p = 0.034). The exercise program proved effective in reducing total and central adiposity levels; however, it did not lead to improvements in sleep duration, sleep quality, or connection with nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22081216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a 16-Week Green Exercise Program on Body Composition, Sleep, and Nature Connection in Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5481-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014CITAB, Inov4Agro University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro\u2014UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3090-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Tuccella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Science, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport at the University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9065-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences\u2014CITAB, Inov4Agro University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro\u2014UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics, CEMAT-IST-UL, University of Lisbon, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Bonavolont\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916508318748","article-title":"The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking Individuals\u2019 Connection with Nature to Environmental Concern and Behavior","volume":"41","author":"Nisbet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. 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