{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:43:23Z","timestamp":1762523003782,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To analyze, across the periods before, during, and after the implementation of Social Isolation and Distancing Measures (IMDIS): (a) changes in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), stratified by age group in the Brazilian population; and (b) the association between physical inactivity (PI), insufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sedentary behavior (SB) with the occurrence of these conditions. This cross-sectional study used data from VIGITEL (Brazil\u2019s Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey), an annual population-based telephone survey conducted across the country. Data were collected in 2019, 2021, and 2023, with a total sample size of 101,226 participants. Arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) were self-reported, and obesity (OB) was diagnosed using body mass index. PI, insufficient MVPA, and SB were identified via VIGITEL indicators. Chi-square tests assessed differences in prevalence overall and by age group. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (ORs) for associations between demographic variables, behavioral factors, and the studied periods. The prevalence of AH and DM was highest among individuals over 60 years, reaching 61% after IMDIS, a period when OB also peaked across all age groups. Individuals aged 30\u201359 and those over 60 had higher odds of AH, DM, and OB across all periods. Female participants had higher ORs for AH and DM both before and after IMDIS. PI and insufficient MVPA were associated with increased odds of AH, DM, and OB in all periods, while SB significantly elevated the OR for OB at all time points. After IMDIS, there was an increase in the prevalence of AH, DM, and OB among older adults and younger individuals. PI, insufficient MVPA, SB, and advanced age were all associated with a greater likelihood of NCDs at every stage of the study. The high post-IMDIS rates of AH, DM, and OB highlight the need for urgent public health strategies. Low-cost programs, such as live videos and online group sessions, should be included in national physical activity guidelines. These initiatives are affordable, aligned with WHO goals, and reduce PI in IMDIS scenarios. Incorporating them into Academia da Sa\u00fade and Agita Brasil strengthens NCD prevention and increases the resilience of the health system for future health crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22091367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T08:28:15Z","timestamp":1756715295000},"page":"1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sedentary Behavior, Physical Inactivity, and the Prevalence of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Obesity During COVID-19 in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jeferson Roberto Collevatti dos","family":"Anjos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Massari","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Chimenny Aulu\u00e3 Lascas Cardoso","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica Fernanda Corr\u00eaa","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6487-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atila Alexandre","family":"Trap\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL) and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalmo Roberto Lopes","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0055-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Pereira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"Study and Research Group in Anthropometry, Training and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-907, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nursing of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Child, Family and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2022.100007","article-title":"The role of physical activity in the clinical outcomes of people diagnosed with COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Gomide","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSAMS Plus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, R.J., Ferezin, L.P., de Campos, M.C.T., Moura, H.S.D., Berra, T.Z., Ribeiro, N.M., and Arc\u00eancio, R.A. (2025). Perception of risk for developing severe illness or complications from COVID-19 in Brazil: Focus on factors linked to socially vulnerable populations, 2020\u20132023. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020251"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, January 12). About the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/about."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2024, January 12). Painel de Casos de Doen\u00e7a Pelo Coronav\u00edrus 2019 (COVID-19) no Brasil Pelo Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Available online: https:\/\/covid.saude.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230011","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720230011.supl.1","article-title":"Tend\u00eancias temporais e mudan\u00e7as p\u00f3s-pandemia de COVID-19 na preval\u00eancia de atividade f\u00edsica e comportamento sedent\u00e1rio em adultos brasileiros entre 2006 e 2021","volume":"26","author":"Faria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.210","article-title":"Implications of social distancing in Brazil in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"43","author":"Dantas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00185820","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00185820","article-title":"Could severe mobility and park use restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic aggravate health inequalities? Insights and challenges from Latin America","volume":"36","author":"Moran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2021.09.001","article-title":"How has COVID-19 social distancing impacted physical activity patterns? Data from the PAMPA cohort, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Caputo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04072023","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320242911.04072023","article-title":"Counseling on physical activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among users of the Brazilian community health promotion program","volume":"30","author":"Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00221920","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00221920","article-title":"Mudan\u00e7as na preval\u00eancia de inatividade f\u00edsica e comportamento sedent\u00e1rio durante a pandemia da COVID-19: Um inqu\u00e9rito com 39.693 adultos brasileiros","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Togni, G., Puccinelli, P.J., Costa, T., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C.A.B., Vancini, R.L., and Andrade, M.S. (2021). Factors associated with reduction in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: An internet-based survey conducted in June 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111397"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"3659","article-title":"Changes in chronic diseases and risk and protective factors before and after the third wave of COVID-19 in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Malta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Colet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, Z.S., da Silva, A.S., Melo, J.C.D.N., Dos Santos, J.C., Sewo Sampaio, P.Y., Silva, R.J.D.S., de Oliveira Ara\u00fajo, R.H., and Sampaio, R.A.C. (2023). Differential Factors Are Associated with Physical Activity in Older Adults in Brazil with and without Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2019 National Health Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20146329"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210009","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720210009.supl.2","article-title":"Increasing trends in obesity prevalence from 2013 to 2019 and associated factors in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b7 9 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103640","article-title":"Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries","volume":"56","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapkota, B.P., Baral, K.P., Rehfuess, E.A., Parhofer, K.G., and Berger, U. (2023). Effects of age on non-communicable disease risk factors among Nepalese adults. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281028"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunsch, K., Kienberger, K., and Niessner, C. (2022). Changes in physical activity patterns due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042250"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2316930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.16930","article-title":"National trends in physical activity among adults in South Korea before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2009\u20132021","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.009","article-title":"Health risk factors among adult individuals with and without diabetes in Brazil: Vigitel (2020\u20132023)","volume":"234","author":"Miranda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"VIGITEL (2019). Vigitel Brasil 2019: Vigil\u00e2ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote\u00e7\u00e3o para Doen\u00e7as Cr\u00f4nicas por Inqu\u00e9rito Telef\u00f4nico."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"VIGITEL (2021). Vigitel Brasil 2021: Vigil\u00e2ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote\u00e7\u00e3o para Doen\u00e7as Cr\u00f4nicas por Inqu\u00e9rito Telef\u00f4nico."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"VIGITEL (2023). Vigitel Brasil 2023: Vigil\u00e2ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote\u00e7\u00e3o para Doen\u00e7as Cr\u00f4nicas por Inqu\u00e9rito Telef\u00f4nico."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Graham, K. (1983). Compensating for Missing Survey Data, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(1998). World Health Organization Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01448.x","article-title":"The nutrition screening initiative","volume":"52","author":"Wellman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trimarco, V., Izzo, R., Pacella, D., Trama, U., Manzi, M.V., Lombardi, A., Piccinocchi, R., Gallo, P., Esposito, G., and Piccinocchi, G. (2024). Incidence of new-onset hypertension before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A 7-year longitudinal cohort study in a large population. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03328-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241233399","article-title":"Changes in obesity prevalence among US adults after the COVID-19 pandemic by state and territorial stay-at-home order level and sociodemographic characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51891","DOI":"10.2196\/51891","article-title":"National and Regional Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension in South Korea Amid the Pandemic, 2009\u20132022: Nationwide Study of Over 3 Million Individuals","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac235","article-title":"Impact of public restrictive measures on hypertension during the COVID-19 pandemic: Existing evidence and long-term implications","volume":"16","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mistry, S.K., Ali, A.M., Yadav, U.N., Khanam, F., Huda, N., Lim, D., Chowdhury, A.A., and Sarma, H. (2022). Changes in Prevalence and Determinants of Self-Reported Hypertension among Bangladeshi Older Adults during the COVID-19. Pandemic, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013475"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quesada-Caballero, M., Carmona-Garcia, A., Chami-Pena, S., Caballero-Mateos, A.M., Fernandez-Martin, O., Ca\u00f1adas-De la Fuente, G.A., and Romero-Bejar, J.L. (2023). Telemedicine in elderly hypertensive and patients with chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196160"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00478-z","article-title":"Long-term impact of Global Health educational experiences in Rome: An attempt of measurement","volume":"78","author":"Civitelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nshimirimana, D.A., Kokonya, D., Gitaka, J., Wesonga, B., Mativo, J.N., and Rukanikigitero, J.M.V. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on health-related quality of life in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002137"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021050123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-050123","article-title":"COVID-19 and changes in child obesity","volume":"147","author":"Jenssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000460","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, anxiety, and depression in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Balci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105743","article-title":"Changes in home cooking and culinary practices among the French population during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"168","author":"Sarda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1860394","article-title":"Home-based exercise can be beneficial for counteracting sedentary behavior and physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults","volume":"133","author":"Ghram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108682","article-title":"The impact of a prolonged lockdown and use of telemedicine on glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia","volume":"173","author":"Alharthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-024-00491-4","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic gradient of hypertension","volume":"45","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Public Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayele, T.A., Alamneh, T.S., Shibru, H., Sisay, M.M., Yilma, T.M., Melak, M.F., and Shitu, K. (2022). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on missed medical appointment among adults with chronic disease conditions in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274190"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.08.010","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents living in an area affected by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami for 3 years","volume":"2","author":"Okazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00705-9","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Eberle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"447","article-title":"The effect of the lockdown on patients with myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Baumhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oduro, J.K., Okyere, J., and Nyador, J.K.M.T. (2023). Risky health behaviours and chronic conditions among aged persons: Analysis of SAGE selected countries. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03836-y"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018248.30742017","article-title":"Doen\u00e7as cr\u00f4nicas n\u00e3o transmiss\u00edveis e fatores associados em adultos numa \u00e1rea urbana de pobreza do nordeste brasileiro","volume":"24","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Colet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griep, R.H., Nobre, A.A., Alves, M.G.D.M., da Fonseca, M.D.J.M., Cardoso, L.D.O., Giatti, L., and Chor, D. (2015). Job strain and unhealthy lifestyle: Results from the baseline cohort study, Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1626-4"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-019-09888-z","article-title":"Gender differences in hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-023-00810-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex and gender differences in hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Reckelhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbce.2018.04.007","article-title":"Barreiras para pr\u00e1tica de atividade f\u00edsica entre mulheres atendidas na Aten\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Sa\u00fade","volume":"41","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Esporte"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.26580\/PTHJ.art24-2020","article-title":"Barreiras para a pr\u00e1tica de exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico em adultos","volume":"3","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psych. Tech. Health J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100393","article-title":"Association of high amounts of physical activity with mortality risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Blond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0256-9","article-title":"Screen time, other sedentary behaviours, and obesity risk in adults: A review of reviews","volume":"6","author":"Biddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13615","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13615","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults living with overweight and obesity: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Curran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302008000300005","article-title":"Gasto energ\u00e9tico corporal: Conceitos, formas de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a obesidade","volume":"52","author":"Melo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, R.R., Veras, A.S.C., Tebar, W.R., Rufino, J.C., Batista, V.R.G., and Teixeira, G.R. (2023). Strength training for arterial hypertension treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26583-3"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadal, I.P., Angkurawaranon, C., Singh, A., Choksomngam, Y., Sadana, V., Kock, L., and Kinra, S. (2024). Effectiveness of behaviour change techniques in lifestyle interventions for non-communicable diseases: An umbrella review. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20612-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2019.08.006","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.58557\/(ijeh).v4i3.246","article-title":"Optimizing chronic disease management: The comprehensive role and impact of exercise interventions in public health","volume":"4","author":"Xingyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae033","article-title":"Physical activity in youth is determinant of cardiovascular health in adulthood","volume":"31","author":"Schwaab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/agr.21679","article-title":"Food consumption behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Chenarides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agribusiness"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320202511.31442020","article-title":"Cardiovascular health and validation of the self-reported score in Brazil: Analysis of the National Health Survey","volume":"25","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Colet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4503201400030013","article-title":"Valida\u00e7\u00e3o e calibra\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas de peso e altura autorreferidas por indiv\u00edduos da cidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"17","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/9\/1367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:36:01Z","timestamp":1760034961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/9\/1367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22091367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22091367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]}}}