{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:31:41Z","timestamp":1786509101550,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010034","name":"Walailak University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WU 68263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU 68263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["WU 68263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU 68263"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b69g067","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is limited evidence regarding sarcopenia in Thailand, especially in southern provinces when applying the AWGS-2019 criteria. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and independent risk factors of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Nakhon Si Thammarat. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 246 adults aged 60 years or older. Sarcopenia was defined using the AWGS-2019 criteria. Data collection comprised the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), and physical performance assessments. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors, incorporating both categorical and continuous variables. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.64%. Multivariable analysis identified age of \u226580 years or older (AOR = 4.25, 95% CI: 1.12\u201316.14; p = 0.033) and body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 kg\/m2 (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI: 1.20\u201310.65; p = 0.022) as significant risk factors. Protective factors included attainment of secondary education or higher (AOR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.78; p = 0.025), BMI of 23.0 kg\/m2 or greater (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09\u20130.40; p &lt; 0.001), engagement in regular physical activity (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.54; p = 0.001), and normal nutritional status (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.71; p = 0.010). Further continuous analysis confirmed that each 5-year increase in age significantly increased the risk of sarcopenia (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.14\u20132.03; p = 0.005), while each 1 kg\/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a protective effect (AOR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69\u20130.88; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Sarcopenia is common among older adults in Southern Thailand. Both categorical and continuous analyses identify advanced age as a primary risk factor. In contrast, higher education, optimal body mass index, regular physical activity, and adequate nutrition serve as important protective factors. These results highlight the importance of community-based screening and targeted interventions that address nutritional adequacy and structured exercise to enhance quality of life in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23081040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:10:24Z","timestamp":1786374624000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sarcopenia Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8736-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratchaya","family":"Supalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1834-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naparat","family":"Doungchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5071-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arisa","family":"Sespheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornanong","family":"Yuenyongchaiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit for Physical Therapy, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Scholand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuchard","family":"Punsawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Sayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052","article-title":"The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS)","volume":"53","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., Zaaria, M., Pasleau, F., Reginster, J.Y., and Bruy\u00e8re, O. (2017). Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169548"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12411","article-title":"Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"10","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, W., Wang, C., Tao, W., Dou, Q., and Yang, Y. (2018). Sarcopenia as a predictor of hospitalization among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0878-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Q., Hu, K., Yan, C., Zhao, B., Mei, F., Chen, F., Zhao, L., Shang, Y., Ma, Y., and Ma, B. (2021). Associated Factors of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124291"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.207","article-title":"Sarcopenia and length of hospital stay","volume":"70","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e041879","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041879","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in older Chinese adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2019.10","article-title":"Economic Impact of Hospitalizations in US Adults with Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Goates","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.11.003","article-title":"The health economics burden of sarcopenia: A systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Beaudart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-017-0302-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Shafiee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","article-title":"Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Balntzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences","volume":"144","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"31","article-title":"The prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in Thai older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Whaikid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy106","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"48","author":"Mayhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Foundation of Thai Gerontology Research and Development Institute (TGRI) (2023). Situation of the Thai Older Persons 2022, Printers and Publishers Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565042."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e63483","article-title":"Sarcopenia Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Older Adults in Bangkok, Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"Lawongsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2016.05.001","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in a community-dwelling elders Thai population","volume":"2","author":"Khongsri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Sarcopenia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sri-On, J., Fusakul, Y., Kredarunsooksree, T., Paksopis, T., and Ruangsiri, R. (2022). The prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia among Thai community-dwelling older adults as defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS-2019) criteria: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03471-z"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanitcharoenkul, E., Unnanuntana, A., Chotiyarnwong, P., Laohaprasitiporn, P., Adulkasem, N., Asavamongkolkul, A., and Chandhanayingyong, C. (2024). Sarcopenia in Thai community-dwelling older adults: A national, cross-sectional, epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17804-7"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazama, M., Kagami-Katsuyama, H., Ito, N., Ogura, T., Maeda-Yamamoto, M., and Nishihira, J. (2026). Dietary Habits and Age-Health Gradient Among Older Adults in a Region of Japan. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050846"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: A call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-455","article-title":"Sarcopenia and frailty: New challenges for clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Dodds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"80","article-title":"The 2019 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+): 2019 PAR-Q+","volume":"11","author":"Warburton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Fit. J. Can."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). The WHO STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/surveillance\/systems-tools\/steps."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2026, May 26). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nhanes\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0214-7","article-title":"Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA\u00ae-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.001","article-title":"Modifications to the frailty phenotype criteria: Systematic review of the current literature and investigation of 262 frailty phenotypes in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe","volume":"21","author":"Theou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12384","article-title":"Comparison of segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body composition in a community-dwelling older population","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","article-title":"Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies","volume":"138","author":"Maldonado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","article-title":"The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation","volume":"129","author":"Mickey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76185-0","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults visiting regional medical institutions from the Kadoma Sarcopenia Study","volume":"10","author":"Kurose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.05.029","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in Singaporean adults-The Yishun study","volume":"22","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulou, S.K. (2020). Sarcopenia: A contemporary health problem among elderly populations. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051293"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","article-title":"Information bias in health research: Definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","volume":"9","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thabane, L., Mbuagbaw, L., Zhang, S., Samaan, Z., Marcucci, M., Ye, C., Thabane, M., Giangregorio, L., Dennis, B., and Kosa, D. (2013). A tutorial on sensitivity analyses in clinical trials: The what, why, when and how. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-92"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12518","article-title":"The Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle stays the front-runner in geriatrics and gerontology","volume":"10","author":"Anker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00061.2017","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Aging-related loss of muscle mass and function","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: Chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ziad020","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziad020","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and high falls risk in healthy community-dwelling Thai older adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Asavamongkolkul","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S132940","article-title":"Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Steffl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.01.013","article-title":"Common ground: The concordance of sarcopenia and frailty definitions","volume":"17","author":"Reijnierse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0709-0","article-title":"Nutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia","volume":"29","author":"Kiesswetter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landi, F., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Martone, A.M., Ortolani, E., Savera, G., Sisto, A., and Marzetti, E. (2016). Anorexia of Aging: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Potential Treatments. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020069"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1107","article-title":"Does social class predict diet quality?","volume":"87","author":"Darmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0434-0","article-title":"Mortality as an adverse outcome of sarcopenia","volume":"17","author":"Lopera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318288a1e5","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and markers of health in older adults","volume":"45","author":"Gennuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.06.015","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and higher-level functional capacity in daily living in community-dwelling elderly subjects in Japan","volume":"55","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, W.K., Williams, J., Atherton, P., Larvin, M., Lund, J., and Narici, M. (2012). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front. Physiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00260"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-56","article-title":"A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Prince","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760","article-title":"Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: Diagnosis, mechanisms and therapeutic options\u2014A mini-review","volume":"60","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1040\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:20:19Z","timestamp":1786508419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/8\/1040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23081040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23081040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}