{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T02:46:21Z","timestamp":1766544381450,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJFS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The change of information near light speed, advances in high-speed trading, spatial arbitrage strategies and foreseen space exploration, suggest the need to consider the effects of the theory of relativity in finance models. Time and space, under certain circumstances, are not dissociated and can no longer be interpreted as Euclidean. This paper provides an overview of the research made in this field while formally defining the key notions of spacetime, proper time and an understanding of how time dilation impacts financial models. We illustrate how special relativity modifies option pricing and hedging, under the Black\u2013Scholes model, when market participants are in two different reference frames. In particular, we look into maturity and volatility relativistic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijfs9020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relativistic Option Pricing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor H.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advance\/CSG Research Center and ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas 6, 1200-078 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel M.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cemapre\/REM Research Center and ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas 6, 1200-078 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/fire.12035","article-title":"When finance meets physics: The impact of the speed of light on financial markets and their regulation","volume":"49","author":"Angel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, Markus P. 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