{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:46:44Z","timestamp":1770421604286,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PD\/BD\/150589\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/150589\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compactification of cities, i.e., the opposite of urban sprawl, has been increasingly presented in the literature as a possible solution to reduce the carbon footprint and promote the sustainability of current urban environments. Compact environments have higher concentrations of interaction opportunities, smaller distances to them, and the potential for increased active mode shares, leading to less transport-related energy consumption and associated emissions. This article presents a GIS-based quantitative methodology to estimate on how much can be gained in that respect if vacant spaces within a city were urbanized, according to the municipal master plan, using four indicators: accessibility, active modal share, transport energy consumption, and a 15-minute city analysis. The methodology is applied to a case study, in which the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and a compact version of itself are compared. Results show the compact layout improves all indicators, with averages per inhabitant improving by 20% to 92%, depending on the scenario assumed for cycling, and is more equitable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12030120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T01:31:41Z","timestamp":1678411901000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Filling in the Spaces: Compactifying Cities towards Accessibility and Active Transport"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment (CITTA), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Para","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers of Coimbra (INESCC), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, 1250-100 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Natividade-Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers of Coimbra (INESCC), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Ostorero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Coutinho-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers of Coimbra (INESCC), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN Habitat (2020). 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