{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:45:00Z","timestamp":1777895100741,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014","award":["642332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["642332"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The holy grail of smart cities is an integrated, sustainable approach to improve the efficiency of the city\u2019s operations and the quality of life of citizens. At the heart of this vision is the citizen, who is the primary beneficiary of smart city initiatives, either directly or indirectly. Despite the recent surge of research and smart cities initiatives in practice, there are still a number of challenges to overcome in realizing this vision. This position paper points out six citizen-related challenges: the engagement of citizens, the improvement of citizens\u2019 data literacy, the pairing of quantitative and qualitative data, the need for open standards, the development of personal services, and the development of persuasive interfaces. The article furthermore advocates the use of methods and techniques from GIScience to tackle these challenges, and presents the concept of an Open City Toolkit as a way of transferring insights and solutions from GIScience to smart cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T22:19:47Z","timestamp":1455833987000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Opening up Smart Cities: Citizen-Centric Challenges and Opportunities from GIScience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auriol","family":"Degbelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48161 Muenster, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1004-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Granell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9304-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Trilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s\/n, 12071 Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3382-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devanjan","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA IMS Information Management School, University Nova Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0572-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Casteleyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. 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