{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:25:47Z","timestamp":1776464747217,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/52607\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/52607\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/99469\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/99469\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/01375\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01375\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/02331\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02331\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PORBIOTA\u2014E-Infraestrutura Portuguesa de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022127"]}]},{"name":"PLANTSHIFTS","award":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/5233\/2014 \u2013 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-BIC\/5233\/2014 \u2013 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016817"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Iberian Peninsula hosts a high diversity of oak species, being a hot-spot for the conservation of European White Oaks (Quercus) due to their environmental heterogeneity and its critical role as a phylogeographic refugium. Identifying and ranking the drivers that shape the distribution of White Oaks in Iberia requires that environmental variables operating at distinct scales are considered. These include climate, but also ecosystem functioning attributes (EFAs) related to energy\u2013matter exchanges that characterize land cover types under various environmental settings, at finer scales. Here, we used satellite-based EFAs and climate variables in species distribution models (SDMs) to assess how variables related to ecosystem functioning improve our understanding of current distributions and the identification of suitable areas for White Oak species in Iberia. We developed consensus ensemble SDMs targeting a set of thirteen oaks, including both narrow endemic and widespread taxa. Models combining EFAs and climate variables obtained a higher performance and predictive ability (true-skill statistic (TSS): 0.88, sensitivity: 99.6, specificity: 96.3), in comparison to the climate-only models (TSS: 0.86, sens.: 96.1, spec.: 90.3) and EFA-only models (TSS: 0.73, sens.: 91.2, spec.: 82.1). Overall, narrow endemic species obtained higher predictive performance using combined models (TSS: 0.96, sens.: 99.6, spec.: 96.3) in comparison to widespread oaks (TSS: 0.80, sens.: 92.6, spec.: 87.7). The Iberian White Oaks show a high dependence on precipitation and the inter-quartile range of Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) (i.e., seasonal water availability) which appears to be the most important EFA variable. Spatial projections of climate\u2013EFA combined models contribute to identify the major diversity hotspots for White Oaks in Iberia, holding higher values of cumulative habitat suitability and species richness. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding the long-term conservation of Iberian White Oaks and provide spatially explicit geospatial information about each oak species (or set of species) relevant for developing biogeographic conservation frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T20:27:15Z","timestamp":1607459235000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Combining Satellite Remote Sensing and Climate Data in Species Distribution Models to Improve the Conservation of Iberian White Oaks (Quercus L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Vila-Vi\u00e7osa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"MHNC-UP\u2014Natural History and Science Museum of the University of Porto, Pra\u00e7a Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Arenas-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CICGE\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Observat\u00f3rio Astron\u00f3mico \u201cProf. Manuel de Barros\u201d, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Honrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology (IIB), University of Liverpool, Bioscience Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICYTEX\u2014Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas de Extremadura, Agricultural Research Centre, Finca La Orden, Valdesequera, Ctra. A-V, Km372, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rubim","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"MHNC-UP\u2014Natural History and Science Museum of the University of Porto, Pra\u00e7a Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)\u2014InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1999.0614","article-title":"Phylogeny, biogeography, and processes of molecular differentiation in Quercus subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae)","volume":"12","author":"Manos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. 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