{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T22:24:16Z","timestamp":1771885456893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]],"date-time":"2009-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1231113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early life stage tests with zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to detect toxic effects of compounds from a Microcystis aeruginosa natural bloom extracton their embryolarval development. We carried out the exposure of developing stages of fish to complex cyanobacterial blooms containing hepatotoxic molecules - microcystins. Fish embryo tests performed with the bloom extract containing 3 mg\u00b7L-1 Eq microcystin-LR showed that after 24 h of exposure all fish embryos died. The same tests performed with other diluted extracts (containing 0.3, 0.1 and 0.03 mg\u00b7L-1 Eq microcystin-LR) were shown to have an influence on zebrafish development and a large number of embryos showed malformation signs (edema, bent and curving tail). After hatching the larvae were transferred to a medium without toxins to follow the larval development under the new conditions. The specific growth of the pre-exposed larvae was significantly more important than that of the control larvae. This may represent a compensatory growth used to reduce the difference in size with the control fish noted after hatching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]],"date-time":"2009-01-05T11:04:36Z","timestamp":1231153476000},"page":"133-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Compensatory Growth Induced in Zebrafish Larvae after Pre-Exposure to a Microcystis aeruginosa Natural Bloom Extract Containing Microcystins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Issam  El","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Sanaa","family":"Saqrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Antonio  Paulo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR\/CIMAR-LA, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Youness","family":"Ouahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Fernandez Del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chorus, I, and Bartram, J (1999). A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, E and FN Spon on behalf of WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2003). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, Volume 1, Coastal and Fresh Waters, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01858.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites-the cyanotoxins","volume":"72","author":"Carmichael","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00102-5","article-title":"The toxicology of microcystins","volume":"36","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I, and Bartram, J (1999). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, Spon, E. & F.N.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203478073"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8574(00)00089-6","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins, the perception of water quality, and the priorisation of eutrophication control","volume":"16","author":"Codd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00032-8","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins: A growing environmental concern","volume":"52","author":"Haider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1997.d01-111.x","article-title":"A study of feral carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa at lake Mokoan, Australia, and possible implications for fish health","volume":"20","author":"Carbis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(99)00079-X","article-title":"Toxicity of the cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptides toxins microcystin-LR and -RR in early life-stages of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)","volume":"49","author":"Fischer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014081827372","article-title":"Effects of purified microcystin-LR and cell extracts of Microcystis strains PCC 7813 and CYA 43 on cardiac function in brown trout (Salmo trutta) alevine","volume":"24","author":"Best","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.1.81","article-title":"Fatty acids from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with potent inhibitory effects on fish gills Na+\/K+-ATPase activity","volume":"201","author":"Bury","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200069020131","article-title":"Changes of Haematological indices of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the influence of natural populations of cyanobacterial water blooms","volume":"69","author":"Koop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.11.010","article-title":"Effects of microcystin-LR on development of medaka fish embryos (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"43","author":"Jacquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10111","article-title":"Estimation of Microcystins in the freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus in an Egyptian fish farm containing a Microcystis bloom","volume":"18","author":"Mohamed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00120-6","article-title":"Effects of microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial crude extracts on embryolarval development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"31","author":"Oberemm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<77::AID-TOX11>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Effects of cyanobacterial toxins and aqueous crude extracts of cyanobacteria on the development of fish and amphibians","volume":"14","author":"Oberemm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10088","article-title":"Effects of cyanobacterial biomass and purified microcystins on malformations in Xenopus laevis: teratogenesis assay (FETAX)","volume":"17","author":"Dvorakova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00417-1","article-title":"Toxicity and microcystin content of extracts from a Planktothrix bloom and two laboratory strains","volume":"36","author":"Keil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hoar, WS, and Randall, DJ (1988). Fish Physiology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I (2001). Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59514-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00173-8","article-title":"The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile development of loach Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.10.016","article-title":"Inhibition of embryonic development by microcystin-LR in zebrafish Danio rerio.","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00861.x","article-title":"Toxicity to Daphnia of a compound extracted from laboratory and natural Microcystis spp., and the role of microcystins","volume":"32","author":"Jungmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Freshwater Biol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1127\/archiv-hydrobiol\/133\/1995\/61","article-title":"Acute toxic effects of a novel cyanobacterial toxin on the crustaceans Artemia salina and Daphnia pulex","volume":"133","author":"Reinikainen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Hydrobiol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1127\/archiv-hydrobiol\/138\/1996\/175","article-title":"Toxic compounds to Artemia from blooms and isolates of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens","volume":"138","author":"Feuillade","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Hydrobiol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10014","article-title":"The effects of a cyanobacterial crude extract on different aquatic organisms: evidence for cyanobacterial toxin modulating factors","volume":"16","author":"Pietsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10029","article-title":"Detection and quantification of microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and ponds in Morocco","volume":"17","author":"Oudra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10028","article-title":"Toxicology of a Microcystis ichtyoblabe waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco)","volume":"17","author":"Sabour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<89::AID-TOX12>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Uptake and effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes of early life stages of the zebra fish (Danio rerio)","volume":"14","author":"Wiegand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.800","article-title":"Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin-LR in the mouse and toad","volume":"22","author":"Chernoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations","volume":"191","author":"Ricker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2002.00768.x","article-title":"Compensatory growth in the spotted wolfish Anarhichas minor (Olafsen) after a period of limited oxygen supply","volume":"33","author":"Foss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1960.tb01327.x","article-title":"Compensatory growth after undernutrition in mammals and birds","volume":"35","author":"Wilson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Biol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sibly, RM, and Calow, P (1986). Physiological Ecology of Animals, Blackwell Scientific."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/199845a0","article-title":"Regulation of growth in size in mammals","volume":"99","author":"Tanner","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"179","article-title":"Compensatory growth and sexual maturity in mice","volume":"8","author":"Monteiro","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anim. Prod"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"25","article-title":"Growth rate and feed conversion factor on young halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed six different diets","volume":"5","author":"Sigurthorsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter Ernaering"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[2385:GCIJAS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Growth compensation in juvenile Atlantic salmon: Responses to depressed temperature and food availability","volume":"78","author":"Nicieza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02290.x","article-title":"Social status, access to food and compensatory growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon","volume":"58","author":"Maclean","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"36","article-title":"Stock-specific changes in growth rates, food conversion efficiencies, and energy allocation in response to temperature change in juvenile Atlantic cod","volume":"58","author":"Purchase","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1139\/f97-169","article-title":"Effects of intermittent hydrogen peroxide exposure on growth and columnaris disease prevention of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"54","author":"Speare","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"142","article-title":"On the effect and nature of growth compensation of fish","volume":"46","author":"Zivkov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vest. Cesk. Spol. Zool"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005008","article-title":"Critique of proportional hypotheses and methods for back-calculation of fish growth","volume":"46","author":"Zivkov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fish"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"45","article-title":"Growth compensation of pike-perch, Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), in the Batak and Ovcharitsa dams","volume":"44","author":"Zivkov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1139\/z94-213","article-title":"Differentiation in juvenile growth and bimodality patterns between northern and southern-populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)","volume":"72","author":"Nicieza","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/10\/1\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:37Z","timestamp":1760220577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/10\/1\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["i10010133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms10010133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]]}}}