{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:40:05Z","timestamp":1769168405491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phase segregation in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of four hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate and  1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate (CnC1im C1SO4, n = 2 and 4), tributylmethyl phosphonium methylsulfate (P4441 C1SO4) and methylpyridinium methylsulfate (C1Py C1SO4) and two high charge density potassium inorganic salts (K2CO3 and K2HPO4) were determined by the cloud point method at 298.15 K. The influence of the addition of the selected inorganic salts to aqueous mixtures of ILs was discussed in the light of the Hofmeister series and in terms of molar Gibbs free energy of hydration. The effect of the alkyl chain length of the cation on the methylsulfate-based ILs has been investigated. All the solubility data were satisfactorily correlated to several empirical equations. A pesticide (pentachlorophenol, PCP) extraction process based on the inorganic salt providing a greater salting out effect was tackled. The viability of the proposed process was analyzed in terms of partition coefficients and extraction efficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141020954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1382097951000},"page":"20954-20965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pesticide Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adding Salting Out Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Moscoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Deive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Esperan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppsrrd1\/REDs\/pentachlorophenol_red.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/water.epa.gov\/drink\/contaminants\/basicinformation\/pentachlorophenol.cfm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2012.05.017","article-title":"Extraction of pentachlorophenol and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids","volume":"18","author":"Pilli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Albertsson, P.A. Partitioning of Cell Particles and Macromolecules, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1039\/C0GC00075B","article-title":"Ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic system for lipase extraction","volume":"13","author":"Deive","year":"2011","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc16262h","article-title":"On the double role of surfactants as microalga cell lysis agents and antioxidants extractants","volume":"14","author":"Ulloa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2008.12.003","article-title":"Partition of plasmid DNA in polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems","volume":"66","author":"Luechau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.03.054","article-title":"Extraction of metal ions in aqueous polyethylene glycol-inorganic salt two-phase systems in the presence of inorganic extractants: Correlation between extraction behaviour and stability constants of extracted species","volume":"1196","author":"Bulgariu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2007.07.009","article-title":"Partitioning of Ciprofloxacin in aqueous two-phase system of poly(ethylene glycol) and sodium sulphate","volume":"38","author":"Mokhtarani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1021\/je9006162","article-title":"Liquid-liquid equilibrium of aqueous two-phase system composed of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 and sulfate salts","volume":"55","author":"Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.613","article-title":"Partitioning of amino acids in the aqueous biphasic system containing the water-miscible ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and the water-structuring salt potassium citrate","volume":"27","author":"Hamzehzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1021\/je900681b","article-title":"Salting-out effect, preferential exclusion, and phase separation in aqueous solutions of chaotropic water-miscible ionic liquids and kosmotropic salts: Effects of temperature, anions, and cations","volume":"55","author":"Hamzehzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6632","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0351802","article-title":"Controlling the aqueous miscibility of ionic liquids: Aqueous biphasic systems of water-miscible ionic liquids and water-structuring salts for recycle, metathesis, and separations","volume":"125","author":"Gutowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8080035","article-title":"Ion specific effects on the mutual solubilities of water and hydrophobic ionic liquids","volume":"113","author":"Freire","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.11.033","article-title":"Separation, concentration and determination of chloramphenicol in environment and food using an ionic liquid\/salt aqueous two-phase flotation system coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"685","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9095634","article-title":"1H NMR and molecular dynamics evidence for an unexpected interaction on the origin of salting-in\/salting-out phenomena","volume":"114","author":"Freire","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"B\u00f6smann, A., Datsevich, L., Jess, A., Lauter, A., Schmitz, C., and Wasserscheid, P (2001). Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with ionic liquids. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1039\/B006677J","article-title":"Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry","volume":"37","author":"Plechkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04451","article-title":"The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids","volume":"439","author":"Earle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1039\/b602086k","article-title":"Combustible ionic liquids by design: Is laboratory safety another ionic liquid myth?","volume":"24","author":"Smiglak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Commun"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2008.03.015","article-title":"Azeotrope-breaking using [BMIM] [MeSO4] ionic liquid in an extraction column","volume":"62","author":"Pereiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1039\/C004968A","article-title":"Ionic liquids: A pathway to environmental acceptability","volume":"40","author":"Petkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1039\/c0gc00369g","article-title":"Impact of ionic liquids on extreme microbial biotypes from soil","volume":"13","author":"Deive","year":"2011","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2003-0856.ch042","article-title":"Extraction of chlorophenols from water using room temperature ionic liquids","volume":"856","author":"Bekou","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1021\/es051563j","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids for extraction of organic contaminants","volume":"40","author":"Khodadoust","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2007.11.005","article-title":"Solvent extraction of selected endocrine-disrupting phenols using ionic liquids","volume":"61","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1021\/je200506p","article-title":"Partition behavior of chlorophenols and nitrophenols between hydrophobic ionic liquids and water","volume":"56","author":"Katsuta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2010.05.011","article-title":"Synthesis and temperature dependence of physical properties of four pyridinium-based ionic liquids: Influence of the size of the cation","volume":"42","author":"Gomez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1021\/je2010787","article-title":"Ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems with controlled pH: The ionic liquid anion effect","volume":"57","author":"Ventura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2013.01.014","article-title":"Liquid\u2013liquid equilibrium phase behavior of iminazolium-based ionic liquid aqueous two-phase systems composed of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and different electrolytes ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Li2SO4 at 298.15 K: Experimental and correlation","volume":"557","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2011.02.023","article-title":"Sodium carbonate as phase promoter in aqueous solutions of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids","volume":"43","author":"Deive","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7252","DOI":"10.1021\/jp300874u","article-title":"Role of the hofmeister series in the formation of ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems","volume":"116","author":"Shahriari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35151j","article-title":"Aqueous biphasic systems: A boost brought about by using ionic liquids","volume":"41","author":"Freire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00067a037","article-title":"A new excluded volume theory and its application to the coexistence curves of aqueous polymer two-phase systems","volume":"26","author":"Guan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.chemspider.com."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1021\/je050434f","article-title":"Temperature dependence of physical properties of ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulphate","volume":"51","author":"Pereiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1021\/je060313v","article-title":"Physical properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate as a function of temperature","volume":"52","author":"Pereiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/10\/20954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:58Z","timestamp":1760219398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/14\/10\/20954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms141020954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms141020954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]]}}}