{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:06:04Z","timestamp":1768982764190,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]],"date-time":"2014-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/61027\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/61027\/2009"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SAU-MET\/113415\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAU-MET\/113415\/2009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic changes during malignant transformation have been noted for many years in tumours. Otto Warburg first reported that cancer cells preferentially rely on glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of oxygen, leading to the production of high levels of lactate. The crucial role of lactate efflux and exchange within the tumour microenvironment drew attention to monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). MCTs have been recognized as promising targets in cancer therapy, and their expression was described in a large variety of tumours; however, studies showing how these isoforms contribute to the acquisition of the malignant phenotype are scarce and still unclear regarding prostate cancer. In this review, we focus on the role for MCTs in cell metabolism, supporting the development and progression of prostate cancer, and discuss the exploitation of the metabolic nature of prostate cancer for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151018333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T02:13:08Z","timestamp":1413252788000},"page":"18333-18348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Lactate Transporters in the Context of Prostate Cancer Metabolism: What Do We Know?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nelma","family":"P\u00e9rtega-Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences,  University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga 4710-057, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Baltazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences,  University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga 4710-057, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths","volume":"61","author":"Siegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2010). Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, American Cancer Society Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<60::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"85","author":"Hsing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.20.1624","article-title":"Rise in prostatic cancer incidence associated with increased use of transurethral resection","volume":"82","author":"Potosky","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480601300302","article-title":"The role of prevalence in the diagnosis of prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Delongchamps","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp278","article-title":"Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening: 1986\u20132005","volume":"101","author":"Welch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80250-7","article-title":"Geographical and temporal patterns of incidence and mortality from prostate cancer","volume":"46","author":"Boyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The hallmarks of cancer","volume":"100","author":"Hanahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the origin of cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.10.002","article-title":"The biology of cancer: Metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation","volume":"7","author":"Lum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1756509","article-title":"Tumor suppressors and cell metabolism: A recipe for cancer growth","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.021","article-title":"Cancer cell metabolism: Warburg and beyond","volume":"134","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"661","article-title":"PET: The merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging","volume":"41","author":"Phelps","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.09.005","article-title":"Nutrient transporters in cancer: Relevance to Warburg hypothesis and beyond","volume":"121","author":"Ganapathy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.05.005","article-title":"Tumor cell metabolism: Cancer\u2019s Achilles\u2019 heel","volume":"13","author":"Kroemer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.11.2.19006","article-title":"Is cancer a metabolic rebellion against host aging? In the quest for immortality, tumor cells try to save themselves by boosting mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Ertel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.027664","article-title":"Altered metabolism and mitochondrial genome in prostate cancer","volume":"59","author":"Dakubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2005.02.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial function, zinc, and intermediary metabolism relationships in normal prostate and prostate cancer","volume":"5","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28875","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.46.28875","article-title":"Zinc inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase and its importance in citrate metabolism of prostate epithelial cells","volume":"272","author":"Costello","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90217-6","article-title":"Prolactin specifically regulates citrate oxidation and m-aconitase of rat prostate epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)64003-5","article-title":"The role of citric acid in the physiology of the prostate. 3. lactate\/citrate ratios in benign and malignant prostatic homogenates as an index of prostatic malignancy","volume":"92","author":"Cooper","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000012183","article-title":"The intermediary metabolism of the prostate: A key to understanding the pathogenesis and progression of prostate malignancy","volume":"59","author":"Costello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500712","article-title":"Role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of prostate cancer: Critical issues to resolve","volume":"7","author":"Costello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.3.8628874","article-title":"Three-dimensional H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging of the in situ human prostate with high (0.24\u20130.7-cm3) spatial resolution","volume":"198","author":"Kurhanewicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20177","article-title":"Peroxisomal branched chain fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation pathway is up-regulated in prostate cancer","volume":"63","author":"Zha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"369","article-title":"Dominant uptake of fatty acid over glucose by prostate cells: A potential new diagnostic and therapeutic approach","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.08.012","article-title":"Tumor lactate content predicts for response to fractionated irradiation of human squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice","volume":"81","author":"Quennet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01630-3","article-title":"Elevated tumor lactate concentrations predict for an increased risk of metastases in head-and-neck cancer","volume":"51","author":"Brizel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb13140.x","article-title":"Lactate and pH in the brain: Association and dissociation in different pathophysiological states","volume":"48","author":"Paschen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0633s.x","article-title":"Lactate transport in skeletal muscle\u2014Role and regulation of the monocarboxylate transporter","volume":"517","author":"Juel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1380313","article-title":"Specific inhibition of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria and human erythrocytes by \u03b1-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate","volume":"138","author":"Halestrap","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00254-5","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of the monocarboxylate transporter from mouse Ehrlich Lettre tumour cell confirms its identity as MCT1 and demonstrates that glycosylation is not required for MCT1 function","volume":"1279","author":"Carpenter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3430281","article-title":"The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: Structure, function and regulation","volume":"343","author":"Halestrap","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.2.321","article-title":"Lactate-proton cotransport in skeletal muscle","volume":"77","author":"Juel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1067-2","article-title":"The SLC16 gene family-from monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond","volume":"447","author":"Halestrap","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3290321","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of four new mammalian monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) homologues confirms the existence of a transporter family with an ancient past","volume":"329","author":"Price","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6588","article-title":"Identification of a unique monocarboxylate transporter (MCT3) in retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"234","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0533","article-title":"Genomic structure and developmental expression of the chicken nonocarboxylate transporter MCT3 gene","volume":"67","author":"Yoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.4.1843","article-title":"cDNA cloning of MCT2, a second monocarboxylate transporter expressed in different cells than MCT1","volume":"270","author":"Garcia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3240447","article-title":"Cloning of the monocarboxylate transporter isoform MCT2 from rat testis provides evidence that expression in tissues is species-specific and may involve post-transcriptional regulation","volume":"324","author":"Jackson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500219","article-title":"The low-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 is adapted to the export of lactate in highly glycolytic cells","volume":"350","author":"Dimmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00285.x","article-title":"Characterisation of human monocarboxylate transporter 4 substantiates its role in lactic acid efflux from skeletal muscle","volume":"529","author":"Meredith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20312","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter expression in the spontaneous hypertensive rat: Effect of stroke","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9030","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511397200","article-title":"The plasma membrane lactate transporter MCT4, but not MCT1, is up-regulated by hypoxia through a HIF-1\u03b1-dependent mechanis","volume":"281","author":"Ullah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.11.011","article-title":"Hypoxia and lactate production in trophoblast cells","volume":"28","author":"Kay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3930","article-title":"Targeting lactate-fueled respiration selectively kills hypoxic tumor cells in mice","volume":"118","author":"Sonveaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-009-0750-3","article-title":"Hypoxia stimulates lactate release and modulates monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4) expression in human adipocyte","volume":"459","author":"Wood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27213","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411950200","article-title":"Basigin (CD147) is the target for organomercurial inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4: The ancillary protein for the insensitive MCT2 is EMBIGIN (gp70)","volume":"280","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504419102","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating tissue-specific polarity of monocarboxylate transporters and their chaperone CD147 in kidney and retinal epithelia","volume":"102","author":"Deora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"434","article-title":"The human tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor (renamed EMMPRIN) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily","volume":"55","author":"Biswas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109658200","article-title":"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies on the interaction between the lactate transporter MCT1 and CD147 provide information on the topology and stoichiometry of the complex in situ","volume":"277","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0558-5","article-title":"Increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4 in colorectal carcinomas","volume":"452","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e31817b5b40","article-title":"Increasing expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 along progression to invasive cervical carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos298","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in gliomas: expression and exploitation as therapeutic targets","volume":"15","author":"Honavar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03560.x","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter 1 is up-regulated in basal-like breast carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Lung cancer: A comparative study of metabolism related protein expression in cancer cells and tumor associated stroma","volume":"6","author":"Koukourakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-010-9345-9","article-title":"Co-expression of CD147\/EMMPRIN with monocarboxylate transporters and multiple drug resistance proteins is associated with epithelial ovarian cancer progression","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00049","article-title":"Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Porporato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.11134","article-title":"Metabolic targeting of lactate efflux by malignant glioma inhibits invasiveness and induces necrosis: An in vivo study","volume":"13","author":"Colen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"617","article-title":"Regulation of intracellular pH in human melanoma: Potential therapeutic implications","volume":"1","author":"Wahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"27","article-title":"Differential sensitivities to lactate transport inhibitors of breast cancer cell lines","volume":"21","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106123108","article-title":"CD147 subunit of lactate\/H+ symporters MCT1 and hypoxia-inducible MCT4 is critical for energetics and growth of glycolytic tumors","volume":"108","author":"Chiche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000143034.62913.59","article-title":"Silencing of monocarboxylate transporters via small interfering ribonucleic acid inhibits glycolysis and induces cell death in malignant glioma: An in vitro study","volume":"55","author":"Mathupala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C414","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00430.2008","article-title":"Interaction of monocarboxylate transporter 4 with \u03b21-integrin and its role in cell migration","volume":"296","author":"Gallagher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3184","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter 4 regulates maturation and trafficking of CD147 to the plasma membrane in the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231","volume":"67","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.10971.x","article-title":"Carbohydrate restriction and lactate transporter inhibition in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605839","article-title":"Co-expression of CD147 (EMMPRIN), CD44v3\u201310, MDR1 and monocarboxylate transporters is associated with prostate cancer drug resistance and progression","volume":"103","author":"Hao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-312","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and CD147 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Vizcaino","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22620","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) as putative biomarker in prostate cancer","volume":"73","author":"Vizcaino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2014.01.005","article-title":"Catabolic cancer-associated fibroblasts transfer energy and biomass to anabolic cancer cells, fueling tumor growth","volume":"25","author":"Lisanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.25695","article-title":"Oncogenes induce the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype: Metabolic symbiosis and \u201cfibroblast addiction\u201d are new therapeutic targets for drug discovery","volume":"12","author":"Lisanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.03.002","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment and metabolic synergy in breast cancers: critical importance of mitochondrial fuels and function","volume":"41","author":"Sotgia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2013.04.016","article-title":"Reverse Warburg effect in a patient with aggressive B-cell lymphoma: Is lactic acidosis a paraneoplastic syndrome?","volume":"40","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1949","article-title":"Reciprocal metabolic reprogramming through lactate shuttle coordinately influences tumor-stroma interplay","volume":"72","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-154","article-title":"Tumor-stroma metabolic relationship based on lactate shuttle can sustain prostate cancer progression","volume":"14","author":"Sanita","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-352","article-title":"A lactate shuttle system between tumour and stromal cells is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Vizcaino","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2009.05.001","article-title":"PET imaging of prostate cancer using C-acetate","volume":"4","author":"Czernin","year":"2009","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2809","article-title":"Metabolic alterations and targeted therapies in prostate cancer","volume":"223","author":"Flavin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/10\/18333\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1760217408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/15\/10\/18333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms151018333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms151018333","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]]}}}