{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T02:24:41Z","timestamp":1770776681690,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]],"date-time":"2016-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/73778\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/73778\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/84226\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/84226\/2012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) lipophilic and polar extract dietary supplementation effects were evaluated according to diabetes management indices, using an in vivo model. A research pipeline was constructed, that ranged from extract preparation, partial chemical characterization and toxicity evaluation, to examining the elderberry extract dietary supplementation effects on biofluid and tissues. Extracts toxicity was screened using an Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence model. A concentration of up to 60 mg\/L was selected, and rat doses for oral supplementation were computed applying the interspecies correlation between A. fischeri and rats. Wistar type 2 diabetic rats, induced by streptozotocin (STZ), were fed a high-fat diet and supplemented for 4 weeks at doses of 190 and 350 mg\/kg body weight\/day of lipophilic and polar extract, respectively. As far as we know, lipophilic elderberry extract supplementation was assessed for the first time, while polar extract was administrated at higher doses and for a shorter period compared to previous studies, aiming to evaluate subacute supplementation effects. The polar extract modulated glucose metabolism by correcting hyperglycemia, while the lipophilic extract lowered insulin secretion. Both extracts lowered insulin resistance, without remarkable alterations to hematological indices, sera lipids and sera and tissular trace element homeostasis. In conclusion, elderberries are a potential source of bioactive compounds for formulations to be used as co-adjuvants in diabetes management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]],"date-time":"2016-12-22T09:48:53Z","timestamp":1482400133000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Salvador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00ednia","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Szczepankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kulczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Krejpcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry, Natural Products and Food Stuffs Research Unit, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2001.10719169","article-title":"Use of antioxidant nutrients in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Ruhe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03180582","article-title":"The effects of Sambucus nigra polyphenols on oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in experimental diabetes mellitus","volume":"65","author":"Ciocoiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.2002.00698.x","article-title":"Sambucus nigra L.","volume":"90","author":"Atkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1081\/JLC-120023253","article-title":"Optimization of ASE Conditions for the HPLC determination of rutin and isoquercitrin in Sambucus nigra L.","volume":"26","author":"Dawidowicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.07.012","article-title":"Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food\u2014A review","volume":"18","author":"Sidor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.080","article-title":"European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and selected polyphenols","volume":"114","author":"Veberic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3029","article-title":"Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7846","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0486850","article-title":"Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400118","article-title":"Determination of ursolic and oleanolic acid in Sambuci fructus","volume":"11","author":"Stefanowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.082","article-title":"Lipophilic phytochemicals from elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.): Influence of ripening, cultivar and season","volume":"71","author":"Salvador","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848269","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/848269","article-title":"Mechanism by Sambucus nigra extract improves bone mineral density in experimental diabetes","volume":"2012","author":"Badescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"312","article-title":"Protective intervention of Sambucus nigra polyphenols in the diabetic heart","volume":"17","author":"Ciocoiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Romanian Soc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"241","article-title":"The effects of the Sambucus nigra vegetal extracts on the immune system dysfunction in the diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Groza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Romanian Soc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"193","article-title":"Beneficial effects of various plant polyphenols on diabetic angiopathy","volume":"14","author":"Ciocoiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Romanian Soc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5971","article-title":"Evaluation of the immune defense in diabetes mellitus using an experimental model","volume":"16","author":"Groza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Romanian Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.931441","article-title":"Effects of Sambucus nigra and Aronia melanocarpa extracts on immune system disorders within diabetes mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Badescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002962","article-title":"Black elderberry extract attenuates inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"114","author":"Farrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.08.008","article-title":"Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice","volume":"74","author":"Sasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_241.x","article-title":"Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of rutin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats","volume":"98","author":"Kamalakkannan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2013.07.001","article-title":"Ursolic acid provides kidney protection in diabetic rats","volume":"75","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/md8010091","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Study of bacterial recovery viability and potential development of resistance after treatment","volume":"8","author":"Tavares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, E., Faustino, M.A., Tom\u00e9, J.P., Neves, M.G., Tom\u00e9, A.C., Cavaleiro, J.A., Cunha, \u00c2., Gomes, N.C., and Almeida, A. (2011). Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy in aquaculture: Photoinactivation studies of Vibrio fischeri. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020970"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.12.097","article-title":"Toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri test of organic chemicals used in aquaculture","volume":"68","author":"Hernando","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0696-1","article-title":"The effects of supplementary Mulberry leaf (Morus alba) extracts on the trace element status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in relation to diabetes management and antioxidant indices in diabetic rats","volume":"174","author":"Krejpcio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.028","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant properties and anthocyanin compositions of elderberry extracts","volume":"155","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.898147","article-title":"Polyphenols pattern and correlation with antioxidant activities of berries extracts from four different populations of Sicilian Sambucus nigra L.","volume":"28","author":"Mandrone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1155\/S1110724304404045","article-title":"LC\/PDA\/ESI-MS profiling and radical scavenging activity of anthocyanins in various berries","volume":"2014","author":"Nakajima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.08.034","article-title":"Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry applied to the identification of valuable phenolic compounds from eucalyptus wood","volume":"938","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2005.01.005","article-title":"The antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts from Sambucus nigra L. (antioxidant properties of extracts)","volume":"39","author":"Dawidowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-007-0605-0","article-title":"Selection of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) genotypes best suited for the preparation of juice","volume":"226","author":"Kaack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"84","article-title":"Interspecies correlations for predicting the acute toxicity of xenobiotics","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Devillers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology Modeling"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.01.032","article-title":"Chemical composition and hypoglycaemic effect of polyphenol extracts from Litchi chinensis seeds","volume":"22","author":"Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.01.029","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanol:water (4:1) fraction isolated from aqueous extract of Syzygium alternifolium seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"48","author":"Kasetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022010000100019","article-title":"Effects of STZ-induced diabetes on the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in albino rats: A comparative study","volume":"28","author":"Zafar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyedemi, S., Adewusi, E., Aiyegoro, O., and Akinpelu, D. (2011). Antidiabetic and haematological effect of aqueous extract of stem bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 353\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60079-8"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(78)90176-7","article-title":"The effect of streptozotocin diabetes on platelet function in rats","volume":"13","author":"Eldor","year":"1978","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.02.018","article-title":"Mulberry leaf extract intake reduces hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Flaczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.02.005","article-title":"Flavanone naringenin: An effective antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic nutraceutical agent on high fat diet fed streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"14","author":"Hansi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.09.006","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of chromium(III) propionate complex in high-fat diet fed and STZ injected rats","volume":"49","author":"Krejpcio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.74.877.665","article-title":"Copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Zargar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"DuBois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620131008","article-title":"Interspecies toxicity correlations of rat, mouse and Photobacterium phosphoreum","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents: Final Report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704045","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/704045","article-title":"The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model","volume":"2008","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Beck, W.S. (1991). Hematology, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Abbott Laboratories, A. (1995). CELL-DYN 1700 System, Operations Manual, Abbott Park."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.3.436","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"398","article-title":"A homogenous assay for the selective measurement of LDL cholesterol in serum. Enzymatic selective protection method","volume":"45","author":"Miki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Thomas, L. (1998). Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. Use and Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Results, TH-Books Verlagssesellschaft."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/36.2.325","article-title":"Falsely low estimation of triglycerides in lipemic plasma by the enzymatic triglyceride method with modified trinder\u2019s chromogen","volume":"36","author":"Shephardand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Thomas, L. (1998). Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. Use and Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Results, TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Burtis, C.A., and Ashwood, E.R. (1999). Tietz Book of Clinical Chemistry, WB Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00341-8","article-title":"New IFCC reference procedures for the determination of catalytic activity concentrations of five enzymes in serum: Preliminary upper reference limits obtained in hospitalized subjects","volume":"327","author":"Schumann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1269","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90207.2008","article-title":"Validation of simple indexes to assess insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"295","author":"Cacho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60289a016","article-title":"Ferrozine\u2014A new spectrophotometric reagent for iron","volume":"42","author":"Stookey","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/23.2.237","article-title":"Simultaneous spectrophotometry of Fe2+ and Cu2+ in serum denatured with guanidine hydrochloride","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/1\/13\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:04Z","timestamp":1760210944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/18\/1\/13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms18010013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18010013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]]}}}