{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:48:48Z","timestamp":1778600928874,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several plant bioactive compounds have exhibited functional activities that suggest they could play a remarkable role in preventing a wide range of chronic diseases. The largest group of naturally-occurring polyphenols are the flavonoids, including apigenin. The present work is an updated overview of apigenin, focusing on its health-promoting effects\/therapeutic functions and, in particular, results of in vivo research. In addition to an introduction to its chemistry, nutraceutical features have also been described. The main key findings from in vivo research, including animal models and human studies, are summarized. The beneficial indications are reported and discussed in detail, including effects in diabetes, amnesia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, depression and insomnia, cancer, etc. Finally, data on flavonoids from the main public databases are gathered to highlight the apigenin\u2019s key role in dietary assessment and in the evaluation of a formulated diet, to determine exposure and to investigate its health effects in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T04:06:55Z","timestamp":1552882015000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1049,"title":["The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Venditti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica, \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663-335, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kr\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171\/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35198-99951, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Polo III-Sa\u00fade 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Novellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Antolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171\/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1971-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Azzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"William N.","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700486","article-title":"Influence of postharvest processing and storage on the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in foods","volume":"53","author":"Amarowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700444","article-title":"The influence of postharvest processing and storage of foodstuffs on the bioavailability of flavonoids and phenolic acids","volume":"53","author":"Cermak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"222","article-title":"Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications","volume":"3","author":"Rius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"377","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties","volume":"2","author":"Kabera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"233","article-title":"Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: Progress, potential and promise (review)","volume":"30","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580801891583","article-title":"Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic extracts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells","volume":"60","author":"Miccadei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0089-7","article-title":"Apigenin: A promising molecule for cancer prevention","volume":"27","author":"Shukla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"704310","article-title":"Red chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cultivar) as a potential source of antioxidant anthocyanins for intestinal health","volume":"2013","author":"Morroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzini, E., Maiani, G., Garaguso, I., Polito, A., Foddai, M.S., Venneria, E., Durazzo, A., Intorre, F., Palomba, L., and Rauseo, M.L. (2016). The potential health benefits of polyphenol-rich extracts from Cichorium intybus L. studied on Caco-2 cells model. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1594616"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases","volume":"32","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Apigenin: A dietary flavonoid with diverse anticancer properties","volume":"28","author":"Gajski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012948","article-title":"Flavones: Food sources, bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity","volume":"8","author":"Hostetler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Thomas, M.B. (1970). The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids, Springer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dewick, P.M. (2001). Chimica, Biosintesi e Bioattivit\u00e0 delle Sostanze Naturali, Piccin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1079189","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. densiflora (Viv.) (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia\u2013Italy)","volume":"30","author":"Ornano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.991833","article-title":"Antioxidant and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Achillea tenorii","volume":"53","author":"Venditti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1079188","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis of Achillea ligustica all. from Lipari Island (Aeolian islands)","volume":"30","author":"Venditti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.06.010","article-title":"Matricaria genus as a source of antimicrobial agents: From farm to pharmacy and food applications","volume":"215","author":"Nazaruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.03.056","article-title":"Volatile components, polar constituents and biological activity of tansy daisy (Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz Bip","volume":"118","author":"Venditti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/EJMP\/2016\/23809","article-title":"Phytochemical study of a species with ethnopharmacological interest: Sideritis romana L.","volume":"12","author":"Venditti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.01.010","article-title":"A new natural neo-clerodane from Teucrium polium L. collected in Northern Iran","volume":"97","author":"Venditti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"108","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from Teucrium polium L. collected in Southern Iran","volume":"3","author":"Venditti","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJMAP"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Venditti, A., Frezza, C., Foddai, S., Serafini, M., and Bianco, A. (2016). A rare bis-rhamnopyranosyl-aromadendrin derivative and other flavonoids from the flowers of Genista cilentina Vals. an endemic species of Southern Italy. Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"193","article-title":"Biflavanoids from Juniperus macropoda Boiss and Juniperus phoenicea Linn. (Cupressaceae)","volume":"17","author":"Fatma","year":"1979","journal-title":"Indian J. Chem. B Org."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6865(97)00037-X","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sm.) Ball","volume":"72","author":"Stassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharm. Acta Helv."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"999","article-title":"Study of the hepatoprotective effect of Juniperus phoenicea constituents","volume":"26","author":"Alquasoumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800148","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800148","article-title":"Bioactive Constituents of Juniperus turbinata Guss. from La Maddalena Archipelago","volume":"15","author":"Venditti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.1991.tb00474.x","article-title":"Flavonoids as Flower Pigments: The Formation of the Natural Spectrum and its Extension by Genetic Engineering","volume":"106","author":"Forkmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plant. Breed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.1.7","article-title":"The shikimate pathway as an entry to aromatic secondary metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Herrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00191-1","article-title":"Cloning of parsley flavone synthase I","volume":"58","author":"Martens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1039\/b100917f","article-title":"The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases","volume":"20","author":"Austin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8241-8248.2005","article-title":"Investigation of two distinct flavone synthases for plant-specific flavone biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"71","author":"Leonard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1503.03011","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Two Flavones, Apigenin and Genkwanin, in Escherichia coli","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fidelis, Q.C., Faraone, I., Russo, D., Arag\u00e3o Catunda, F.E., Vignola, L., de Carvalho, M.G., de Tommasi, N., and Milella, L. (2018). Chemical and Biological insights of Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill.: A source of bioactive compounds with multifunctional properties. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1419227"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5471","article-title":"Acute metabolic actions of the major polyphenols in chamomile: An in vitro mechanistic study on their potential to attenuate postprandial hyperglycaemia","volume":"3","author":"Kerimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat015","article-title":"Dietary phytophenols curcumin, naringenin and apigenin reduce infection-induced inflammatory and contractile pathways in human placenta, foetal membranes and myometrium","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1560","article-title":"Apigenin suppresses the apoptosis of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via upregulation of the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12376","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12376","article-title":"Apigenin: A current review on its beneficial biological activities","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2017.11.006","article-title":"Dynamic maceration of Matricaria chamomilla inflorescences: Optimal conditions for flavonoids and antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.05.012","article-title":"New horizons in the extraction of bioactive compounds using deep eutectic solvents: A review","volume":"979","author":"Hayyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Grumezescu, A.M., and Holban, A.M. (2018). Therapeutic, Probiotic and Unconventional Foods, Academic Press, Elsevier. Chapter 8, Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(00)88944-X","article-title":"The nutraceutical revolution: Its impact on food industry R&D","volume":"6","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini, A., and Novellino, E. (2017). To Nutraceuticals and Back: Rethinking a Concept. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6090074"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/157340721001140724145924","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: Beyond the Diet Before the Drugs","volume":"10","author":"Santini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Bioact. Compd."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v3n4p1","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: An Healthy Bet for the Future","volume":"3","author":"Santini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13636","article-title":"Nutraceuticals in hypercholesterolaemia: An Overview","volume":"174","author":"Santini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1552135","article-title":"From pharmaceuticals to nutraceuticals: Bridging disease prevention and management","volume":"12","author":"Daliu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13496","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: Opening the debate for a regulatory framework","volume":"84","author":"Santini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1464911","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: Shedding light on the grey area between pharmaceuticals and food","volume":"11","author":"Santini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.11.004","article-title":"Structure\u2013radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants","volume":"78","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60047e","article-title":"Caecal absorption of vitexin-2-O-xyloside and its aglycone apigenin, in the rat","volume":"4","author":"Angelino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1207188","article-title":"Health functionality of apigenin: A review","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.23410","article-title":"Flavonoids nutraceuticals in prevention and treatment of cancer: A review","volume":"11","author":"Lotha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.07.002","article-title":"Biopharmaceutics classification and intestinal absorption study of apigenin","volume":"436","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6546","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7763","article-title":"Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of apigenin loaded lipid nanocapsules","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2013.03.051","article-title":"Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of apigenin-loaded polymeric micelles","volume":"429","author":"Zhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.08.018","article-title":"Production and characterization of antioxidant apigenin nanocrystals as a novel UV skin protective formulation","volume":"420","author":"Shegokar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.09.007","article-title":"Current trends and future perspectives of solid dispersions containing poorly water-soluble drugs","volume":"85","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.04.064","article-title":"Development and evaluation of injectable nanosized drug delivery systems for apigenin","volume":"532","author":"Karim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzini, E., Giacometti, J., and Russo, G.L. (2017). Antioxidant Phytochemicals at the Pharma-Nutrition Interface. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., 6986143.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6986143"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.037","article-title":"Apigenin: A natural bioactive flavone-type molecule with promising therapeutic function","volume":"48","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"185","article-title":"Apigenin induces cell cycle arrest and p21\/WAF1 expression in a p53-independent pathway","volume":"26","author":"Takagaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2072","article-title":"Apigenin impairs oral squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro inducing cell cycle arrestandapoptosis","volume":"43","author":"Maggioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizumi, Y., Oishi, M., Taniguchi, T., Goi, W., Sowa, Y., and Sakai, T. (2013). The flavonoid apigenin downregulates CDK1 by directly targeting ribosomal protein S9. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073219"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2869","article-title":"Induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis by apigenin by inhibiting STAT3 signaling in HER2-overexpressing MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells","volume":"34","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-012-1310-2","article-title":"Apigenin induces apoptosis via extrinsic pathway, inducing p53 and inhibiting STAT3 and NF\u03baB signaling in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells","volume":"366","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.071","article-title":"Bcl-2 inhibitor and apigenin worked synergistically in human malignant neuroblastoma cell lines and increased apoptosis with activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways","volume":"388","author":"Karmakar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02980273","article-title":"Antiinflammatory mechanisms of apigenin: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression, adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and expression of cellular adhesion molecules","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"214","article-title":"Effect of the pleiotropic drug CNB-001 on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) protease activity in vitro: Support for combination therapy to treat acute ischemic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Lapchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.1229","article-title":"The natural flavonoid apigenin suppresses Th1- and Th2-related chemokine production by human monocyte THP-1 cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.7121","article-title":"Apigenin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inactivating NF-kappaB through the suppression of p65 phosphorylation","volume":"179","author":"Nicholas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00812-7","article-title":"Flavonoids increase the intracellular glutathione level by transactivation of the \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytical subunit promoter","volume":"32","author":"Myhrstad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0913-4","article-title":"Protection by chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin against oxidative stress is mediated by the Nrf2-dependent up-regulation of heme oxygenase 1 and glutamate cysteine ligase in rat primary hepatocytes","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.12.009","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of an apigenin-phospholipid phytosome (APLC) for improved solubility, in vivo bioavailability, and antioxidant potential","volume":"108","author":"Telange","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1956","article-title":"Induction of NRF2-mediated gene expression by dietary phytochemical flavones apigenin and luteolin","volume":"36","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in oral cancer","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-41","article-title":"Apigenin and luteolin modulate microglial activation via inhibition of STAT1-induced CD40 expression","volume":"5","author":"Ehrhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2816","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation of apigenin with GABAbenzodiazepine activity from Tanacetum parthenium","volume":"23","author":"Krydsfeldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34936","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 6-methylapigenin, a competitive ligand for the brain GABA(A) receptors, from Valeriana wallichii","volume":"68","author":"Wasowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.07.022","article-title":"The dietary flavonoids apigenin and (-)- epigallocatechin gallate enhance the positive modulation by diazepam of the activation by GABA of recombinant GABA(A) receptors","volume":"68","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001774075","article-title":"Identification of kaempferol as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and potential neuroprotectant in extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves","volume":"52","author":"Sloley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F414","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00393.2016","article-title":"Apigenin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats via MAPK-NF-kappaB-TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1-MAPK-fibronectin pathways","volume":"313","author":"Malik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2008.11.012","article-title":"Mechanism of action of the stimulatory effect of apigenin-6-C-(2\u2019\u2019-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-L-fucopyranoside on 14C-glucose uptake","volume":"179","author":"Cazarolli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.01.002","article-title":"Apigenin and naringenin regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and ameliorate vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"773","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.09.179","article-title":"Chemopreventive potential of apigenin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced experimental oral carcinogenesis","volume":"670","author":"Silvan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-49","article-title":"Combination of apigenin treatment with therapeutic HPV DNA vaccination generates enhanced therapeutic antitumor effects","volume":"16","author":"Chuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20000815)87:4<595::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Flavonoids apigenin and quercetin inhibit melanoma growth and metastatic potential","volume":"87","author":"Caltagirone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.1.4.1","article-title":"Induction of caspase-dependent, p53-mediated apoptosis by apigenin in human neuroblastoma","volume":"4","author":"Torkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt316","article-title":"Apigenin inhibits prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice via targeting PI3K\/Akt\/FoxO pathway","volume":"35","author":"Shukla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6925","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-0717","article-title":"Blockade of beta-catenin signaling by plant flavonoid apigenin suppresses prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice","volume":"67","author":"Shukla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0625-0","article-title":"Apigenin attenuates insulin-like growth factor-I signaling in an autochthonous mouse prostate cancer model","volume":"29","author":"Shukla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9949","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089949","article-title":"Neuroprotective, anti-amyloidogenic and neurotrophic effects of apigenin in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.11.019","article-title":"Apigenin attenuates copper-mediated \u03b2-amyloid neurotoxicity through antioxidation, mitochondrion protection and MAPK signal inactivation in an AD cell model","volume":"1492","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.064","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of apigenin: Studies in the GFAP-IL6 mouse model of chronic neuroinflammation","volume":"108","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113512040","article-title":"The flavonoid apigenin delays forgetting of passive avoidance conditioning in rats","volume":"28","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomag.2014.07.003","article-title":"Matricaria chamomilla extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine","volume":"4","author":"Alibabaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Aging Pathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101593","article-title":"The flavonoid apigenin protects brain neurovascular c8upling against amyloid-beta(2) (5)(-)(3)(5)-induced toxicity in mice","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.01.015","article-title":"Apigenin reverses depression-like behavior induced by chronic corticosterone treatment in mice","volume":"774","author":"Weng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.474","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of apigenin and 2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid from Perilla frutescens in the forced swimming test","volume":"26","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.01.007","article-title":"Antidepressant-like behavioral and neurochemical effects of the citrus-associated chemical apigenin","volume":"82","author":"Yi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.03.040","article-title":"The effects of apigenin on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice","volume":"594","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"520","article-title":"Clinical stabilisation in neurodegenerative diseases: Clinical study in phase II","volume":"50","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. De Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zick, S.M., Wright, B.D., Sen, A., and Arnedt, J.T. (2011). Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-78"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2015.06.003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) oil for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Shoara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"44","article-title":"Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: An exploratory study","volume":"18","author":"Amsterdam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.10.012","article-title":"Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243215","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8243215","article-title":"Antidiabetic Properties, Bioactive Constituents, and Other Therapeutic Effects of Scoparia dulcis","volume":"2016","author":"Pamunuwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181260","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/181260","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration","volume":"2015","author":"Shay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.01.038","article-title":"Synthesis, nitric oxide release, and alpha-glucosidase inhibition of nitric oxide donating apigenin and chrysin derivatives","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.11.0012","article-title":"Apigenin (4\u2019,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) regulates hyperglycaemia, thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetic mice","volume":"59","author":"Panda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2913-9","article-title":"Apigenin alleviates STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"428","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajan, U.B., Chandrayan, G., Patil, C.R., Arya, D.S., Suchal, K., Agrawal, Y.O., Ojha, S., and Goyal, S.N. (2017). The Protective Effect of Apigenin on Myocardial Injury in Diabetic Rats mediating Activation of the PPAR-gamma Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040756"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10503","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules170910503","article-title":"Promising Therapeutics with Natural Bioactive Compounds for Improving Learning and Memory\u2014A Review of Randomized Trials","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098615592116","article-title":"Anti-dementia medications: Current prescriptions in clinical practice and new agents in progress","volume":"6","author":"Stella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millington, C., Sonego, S., Karunaweera, N., Rangel, A., Aldrich-Wright, J., Campbell, I., Gyengesi, E., and M\u00fcnch, G. (2014). Chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: New perspectives on animal models and promising candidate drugs. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/309129"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.008","article-title":"Apigenin as neuroprotective agent: Of mice and men","volume":"128","author":"Nabavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.10.017","article-title":"A review of the relaxant effect of various medicinal plants on tracheal smooth muscle, their possible mechanism(s) and potency","volume":"175","author":"Shakeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Curcumin and Apigenin\u2014Novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Venigalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Reagen Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31450","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31450","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of apigenin against inflammation, neuronal excitability and apoptosis in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Balez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1566-7","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of apigenin in rats after contusive spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00186-6","article-title":"Behavioural characterization of the flavonoids apigenin and crysin","volume":"71","author":"Zanoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00264-1","article-title":"Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla","volume":"59","author":"Avallone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977772","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase inhibitory components from Cayratia japonica","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18936","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118936","article-title":"Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory Constituents of Propolis: Kinetics and Mechanism of Inhibition of Recombinant Human MAO-A and MAO-B","volume":"19","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00486-4","article-title":"Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in the positive chronotropic effects of apigenin in rat atria","volume":"312","author":"Lorenzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)90812-2","article-title":"Stimulatory actions of bioflavonoids on tyrosine uptake into cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells","volume":"171","author":"Morita","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.12.003","article-title":"Herbal medicine for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Leach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.11.018","article-title":"Role of the blood-brain barrier in the nutrition of the central nervous system","volume":"45","author":"Walter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.11.029","article-title":"Three newly identified lipophilic flavonoids in Tanacetum parthenium supercritical fluid extract penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"149","author":"Darcsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2013.12.002","article-title":"Transport of active flavonoids, based on cytotoxicity and lipophilicity: An evaluation using the blood-brain barrier cell and Caco-2 cell models","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009257","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms","volume":"146","author":"Knekt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23549","article-title":"Flavonoids and ovarian cancer risk: A case-control study in Italy","volume":"123","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0838","article-title":"Flavonoids and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Bosetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2187","article-title":"Prospective cohortcomparison of flavonoid treatment in patients with resected colorectal cancer to prevent recurrence","volume":"14","author":"Hoensch","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219-12","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.198.Supp.219.12","article-title":"Nutraceutical Apigenin: Mechanism of action associated with its anti-inflammatory activity and regulation of dendritic cell metabolism","volume":"198","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.019","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Flavone di-C-Glycosides as Active Principles of Camellia Mistletoe, Korthalsella japonica","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v7i3.14693","article-title":"Flavonoids as nutraceuticals: A review","volume":"7","author":"Tapas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711459900080X","article-title":"Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects","volume":"81","author":"Nielsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"693","article-title":"Effects of apigenin on the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in kidney in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"39","author":"Sui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamayose, C.I., Romoff, P., Toyama, D.O., Gaeta, H.H., Costa, C.R.C., Belchor, M.N., Ortolan, B.D., Velozo, L.S.M., Kaplan, M.A.C., and Ferreira, M.J.P. (2017). Non-Clinical Studies for Evaluation of 8-C-Rhamnosyl Apigenin Purified from Peperomia obtusifolia against Acute Edema. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091972"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.111401.144957","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids: Bioavailability metabolic effects, and safety","volume":"22","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"168","article-title":"Enhanced Solubility and Bioavailabitity of Apigenin via Preparation of Solid Dispersions of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles IRANIAN","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"21","article-title":"Salem Isolation and Identification of a Flavone Apigenin from Marine Red Alga Acanthophora spicifera with Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities","volume":"10","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.15406\/mojfpt.2018.06.00144","article-title":"Chlorella and spirulina microalgae as sources of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements; an overview","volume":"6","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"MOJ Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V.T. (2017). Potential uses and future perspectives of agricultural wastes. Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural Wastes, Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119168850"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucarini, M., Durazzo, A., Romani, A., Campo, M., Lombardi-Boccia, G., and Cecchini, F. (2018). Bio-Based Compounds from Grape Seeds: A Biorefinery Approach. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081888"},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Topics in Current Chemistry Collections, and Lin, C. (2018). Green and Sustainable Separation of Natural Products from Agro-Industrial Waste: Challenges, Potentialities, and Perspectives on merging Approaches. Chemistry and Chemical Technologies in Waste Valorization, Springer."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Camilli, E., Marconi, S., Gabrielli, P., Lisciani, S., Gambelli, L., Aguzzi, A., Novellino, E., and Santini, A. (2018). Dietary Lignans: Definition, Description and Research Trends in Databases Development. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123251"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durazzo, A., D\u2019Addezio, L., Camilli, E., Piccinelli, R., Turrini, A., Marletta, L., Marconi, S., Lucarini, M., Lisciani, S., and Gabrielli, P. (2018). From Plant Compounds to Botanicals and Back: A Current Snapshot. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081844"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"(2019, January 08). USDA Food Composition Databases, Available online: https:\/\/ndb.nal.usda.gov\/ndb\/."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"(2019, January 10). USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods Release 3.3; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/nutrientdata."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"(2019, January 10). Phenol-Explorer\u2014Database on Polyphenol Content in Foods. Available online: http:\/\/phenol-explorer.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bap024","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bap024","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods","volume":"2010","author":"Neveu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"(2018, October 29). eBASIS\u2014Bioactive Substances in Food Information System. Available online: http:\/\/ebasis.eurofir.org\/Default.asp."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.219","article-title":"EuroFIR consortium. EuroFIR eBASIS: Application for health claims submissionsand evaluations","volume":"3","author":"Kiely","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plumb, J., Pigat, S., Bompola, F., Cushen, M., Pinchen, H., N\u00f8rby, E., Astley, S., Lyons, J., Kiely, M., and Finglas, P. (2017). eBASIS (Bioactive Substances in Food Information Systems) and Bioactive Intakes: Major Updates of the Bioactive Compound Composition and Beneficial Bioeffects Database and the Development of a Probabilistic Model to Assess Intakes in Europe. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040320"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bas031","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bas031","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer 2.0: A major update of the Phenol-Explorer database integrating data on polyphenol metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans and experimental animals","volume":"2012","author":"Rothwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bat070","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bat070","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer 3.0: A major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content","volume":"2013","author":"Rothwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-017-0578-y","article-title":"Dietary and health biomarkers\u2014Time for an update","volume":"12","author":"Dragsted","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"(2019, January 01). HMDB\u2014Human Metabolome Database. Available online: www.hmdb.ca."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D608","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1089","article-title":"HMDB 4.0\u2014The Human Metabolome Database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"(2019, January 08). PhytoHub Database. Available online: www.phytohub.eu."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Bento da Silva, A., Giacomoni, F., Pavot, B., Fill\u00e2tre, Y., Rothwell, J.A., Sualdea, B.B., Veyrat, C., Garcia-Villalba, R., Gladine, C., and Kopec, R. (2016, January 13\u201315). PhytoHub V1.4: A new release for the online database dedicated to food phytochemicals and their human metabolites. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food Bioactivities & Health, Norwich, UK."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/6\/1305\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1760186339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/6\/1305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20061305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20061305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]}}}