{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:38:24Z","timestamp":1774957104683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical studies can provide some data concerning the etiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes of this disease. However, the study of early events and new targeted therapies cannot be performed on humans due to ethical reasons. Experimental murine models can be used in the understanding of the pancreatic inflammation, because they are able to closely mimic the main features of human AP, namely their histologic glandular changes and distant organ failure. These models continue to be important research tools for the reproduction of the etiological, environmental, and genetic factors associated with the pathogenesis of this inflammatory pathology and the exploration of novel therapeutic options. This review provides an overview of several murine models of AP. Furthermore, special focus is made on the most frequently carried out models, the protocols used, and their advantages and limitations. Finally, examples are provided of the use of these models to improve knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, identify new biomarkers of severity, and develop new targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T05:25:56Z","timestamp":1559885156000},"page":"2794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Murine Models of Acute Pancreatitis: A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Relevance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva-Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"General Surgery Department, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filomena","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guilherme","family":"Tralh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001030","article-title":"Incidence, Admission Rates, and Predictors, and Economic Burden of Adult Emergency Visits for Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"53","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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