{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:51:53Z","timestamp":1776941513014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Scientific Foundation","award":["Grant no. 19-73-30012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no. 19-73-30012"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT)","award":["Grants no. SFRH\/BPD\/101650\/2014, SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017, M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015 (PAIRED)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grants no. SFRH\/BPD\/101650\/2014, SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017, M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015 (PAIRED)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of biotechnological protocols based on cationic surfactants is a modern trend focusing on the fabrication of antimicrobial and bioimaging agents, supramolecular catalysts, stabilizers of nanoparticles, and especially drug and gene nanocarriers. The main emphasis given to the design of novel ecologically friendly and biocompatible cationic surfactants makes it possible to avoid the drawbacks of nanoformulations preventing their entry to clinical trials. To solve the problem of toxicity various ways are proposed, including the use of mixed composition with nontoxic nonionic surfactants and\/or hydrotropic agents, design of amphiphilic compounds bearing natural or cleavable fragments. Essential advantages of cationic surfactants are the structural diversity of their head groups allowing of chemical modification and introduction of desirable moiety to answer the green chemistry criteria. The latter can be exemplified by the design of novel families of ecological friendly cleavable surfactants, with improved biodegradability, amphiphiles with natural fragments, and geminis with low aggregation threshold. Importantly, the development of amphiphilic nanocarriers for drug delivery allows understanding the correlation between the chemical structure of surfactants, their aggregation behavior, and their functional activity. This review focuses on several aspects related to the synthesis of innovative cationic surfactants and their broad biological applications including antimicrobial activity, solubilization of hydrophobic drugs, complexation with DNA, and catalytic effect toward important biochemical reaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T06:52:36Z","timestamp":1573109556000},"page":"5534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Cationic Surfactants: Self-Assembly, Structure-Activity Correlation and Their Biological Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lucia Ya.","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Technological University, ul. Karla Marksa 68, Kazan 420015, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana N.","family":"Pashirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia"}]},{"given":"Slavomira","family":"Doktorovova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Sanchez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, 28702 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Selma B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology of S. Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200\u2013319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201001081","article-title":"Optical pH Sensor with Rapid Response Based on a Fluorescein-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. 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