{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:33Z","timestamp":1760240973689,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009104","name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade COMPETE and National Funds through FCT Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-015919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-015919"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The amygdala is a cerebral region whose function is compromised in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Patients with TLE present cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, of which impairments in recognizing facial expressions have been clearly attributed to amygdala damage. However, damage to the amygdala has been scarcely addressed, with the majority of studies focusing on the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to evaluate epilepsy-related plasticity of cholinergic projections to the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala. Adult rats received kainic acid (KA) injections and developed status epilepticus. Weeks later, they showed spontaneous recurrent seizures documented by behavioral observations. Changes in cholinergic innervation of the BL were investigated by using an antibody against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). In KA-treated rats, it was found that (i) the BL shrunk to 25% of its original size (p &lt; 0.01 vs. controls, Student\u2019s t-test), (ii) the density of vesicular acetylcholine transporter-immunoreactive (VAChT-IR) varicosities was unchanged, (iii) the volumes of VAChT-IR cell bodies projecting to the BL from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, ventral pallidum, and subcommissural part of the substantia innominata were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05, Bonferroni correction). These results illustrate significant changes in the basal forebrain cholinergic cells projecting to the BL in the presence of spontaneous recurrent seizures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"5688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neuroplasticity in Cholinergic Projections from the Basal Forebrain to the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala in the Kainic Acid Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"\u00cdtalo","family":"Rosal Lustosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Joana I.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Programa Doutoral em Neuroci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Nikolai V.","family":"Lukoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60456-6","article-title":"Epilepsy: New advances","volume":"385","author":"Perucca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.03.003","article-title":"Addressing the burden of epilepsy: Many unmet needs","volume":"107","author":"Beghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. 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