{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:54:45Z","timestamp":1760241285880,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]],"date-time":"2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDR-10-E-26\/202.319\/2017","E-26\/203.039\/2015","E-26\/202.815\/2018","E-26\/010002864\/2014","E-26\/010.002673\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR-10-E-26\/202.319\/2017","E-26\/203.039\/2015","E-26\/202.815\/2018","E-26\/010002864\/2014","E-26\/010.002673\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento - FEEI","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016417"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICI35441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICI35441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The well-known antimicrobial effects of chitosan (CS) polymers make them a promising adjuvant in enhancing antibiotic effectiveness against human pathogens. However, molecular CS antimicrobial mechanisms remain unclear, despite the insights presented in the literature. Thus, the aim of the present study was to depict the molecular effects implicated in the interaction of low or medium molecular mass CS polymers and their nanoparticle-counterparts against Escherichia coli. The differential E. coli proteomes sensitized to either CS polymers or nanoparticles were investigated by nano liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (micro-LC-MS\/MS). A total of 127 proteins differentially expressed in CS-sensitized bacteria were predominantly involved in (i) structural functions associated to the stability of outer membrane, (ii) increment of protein biosynthesis due to high abundance of ribosomal proteins and (iii) activation of biosynthesis of amino acid and purine metabolism pathways. Antibacterial activity of CS polymers\/nanoparticles seems to be triggered by the outer bacterial membrane disassembly, leading to increased protein biosynthesis by diverting the metabolic flux to amino acid and purine nucleotides supply. Understanding CS-antibacterial molecular effects can be valuable to optimize the use of CS-based nanomaterials in food decontamination, and may represent a breakthrough on CS nanocapsules-drug delivery devices for novel antibiotics, as the chitosan-disassembly of bacteria cell membranes can potentialize antibiotic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T05:49:41Z","timestamp":1577684981000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Proteomic Analyses Reveal New Insights on the Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Chitosan Biopolymers and Their Nanosized Particles against Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laidson P.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21949-909, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra I.","family":"Anjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Manadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana V.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vania M. F.","family":"Paschoalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21949-909, RJ, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, L., Souza, H., Campi\u00f1a, J., Andrade, C., Silva, A., Gon\u00e7alves, M., and Paschoalin, V. (2019). Edible chitosan films and their nanosized counterparts exhibit antimicrobial activity and enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010127"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.05.019","article-title":"Chitosan coatings enriched with essential oils: Effects on fungi involved in fruit decay and mechanisms of action","volume":"78","author":"Serio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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