{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:38:32Z","timestamp":1773466712538,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe inflammation of the pancreas presented with sudden onset and severe abdominal pain with a high morbidity and mortality rate, if accompanied by severe local and systemic complications. Numerous studies have been published about the pathogenesis of AP; however, the precise mechanism behind this pathology remains unclear. Extensive research conducted over the last decades has demonstrated that the first 24 h after symptom onset are critical for the identification of patients who are at risk of developing complications or death. The identification of these subgroups of patients is crucial in order to start an aggressive approach to prevent mortality. In this sense and to avoid unnecessary overtreatment, thereby reducing the financial implications, the proper identification of mild disease is also important and necessary. A large number of multifactorial scoring systems and biochemical markers are described to predict the severity. Despite recent progress in understanding the pathophysiology of AP, more research is needed to enable a faster and more accurate prediction of severe AP. This review provides an overview of the available multifactorial scoring systems and biochemical markers for predicting severe AP with a special focus on their advantages and limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Multifactorial Scores and Biomarkers of Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis: Applications to Research and Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva-Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"General Surgery Department, Hospital Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-348 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Hospital Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filomena","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-348 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guilherme","family":"Tralh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics and Biomathematics Institute, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, 3000-348 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.08.002","article-title":"Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update","volume":"143","author":"Peery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Vaz, P., Abrantes, A.M., Castelo-Branco, M., Gouveia, A., Botelho, M.F., and Tralh\u00e3o, J.G. 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