{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:53:07Z","timestamp":1778550787265,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project 0377_IBERPHENOL_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project 0377_IBERPHENOL_6_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Innovation of Graduate study Strategy of the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["The Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commonly used to treat skin injuries in Asia, several Homalium spp. have been found to promote skin regeneration and wound healing. While ethnobotanical surveys report the use of H. bhamoense trunk bark as a wound salve, there are no studies covering bioactive properties. As impaired cutaneous healing is characterized by excessive inflammation, a series of inflammatory mediators involved in wound healing were targeted with a methanol extract obtained from H. bhamoense trunk bark. Results showed concentration-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase and 5-lipoxygenase upon exposure to the extract, with IC50 values of 396.9 \u00b1 25.7 and 29.0 \u00b1 2.3 \u00b5g mL\u22121, respectively. H. bhamoense trunk bark extract also exerted anti-inflammatory activity by significantly suppressing the overproduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 \u00b5g mL\u22121, while leading to a biphasic effect on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels. The phenolic profile was elucidated by HPLC-DAD, being characterized by the occurrence of ellagic acid as the main constituent, in addition to a series of methylated derivatives, which might underlie the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings provide in vitro data on anti-inflammatory ability of H. bhamoense trunk bark, disclosing also potential cutaneous toxicity as assessed in HaCaT keratinocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Inhibition of Proinflammatory Enzymes and Attenuation of IL-6 in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages Substantiates the Ethnomedicinal Use of the Herbal Drug Homalium bhamoense Cubitt &amp; W.W.Sm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-2019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rungcharn","family":"Suksungworn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wang Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula B.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Valent\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sutsawat","family":"Duangsrisai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wang Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-9678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson G. M.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.987142","article-title":"Free radical-scavenging activities of Homalium species\u2014An endangered medicinal plant of Eastern Ghats of India","volume":"29","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.05.001","article-title":"Tropical ulcer plant treatments used by Papua New Guinea\u2019s Apsokok nomads","volume":"205","author":"Prescott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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