{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:44:12Z","timestamp":1778273052957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is one of the most aggressive and deadly diseases in the world, representing the second leading cause of death. It is a multifactorial disease, in which genetic alterations play a key role, but several environmental factors also contribute to its development and progression. Infections induced by certain viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites constitute risk factors for cancer, being chronic infection associated to the development of certain types of cancer. On the other hand, susceptibility to infectious diseases is higher in cancer patients. The state of the host immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility to both infection and cancer. Importantly, immunosuppressive cancer treatments increase the risk of infection, by decreasing the host defenses. Furthermore, alterations in the host microbiota is also a key factor in the susceptibility to develop cancer. More recently, the identification of a tumor microbiota, in which bacteria establish a symbiotic relationship with cancer cells, opened a new area of research. There is evidence demonstrating that the interaction between bacteria and cancer cells can modulate the anticancer drug response and toxicity. The present review focuses on the interaction between microbes and cancer, specifically aiming to: (1) review the main infectious agents associated with development of cancer and the role of microbiota in cancer susceptibility; (2) highlight the higher vulnerability of cancer patients to acquire infectious diseases; (3) document the relationship between cancer cells and tissue microbiota; (4) describe the role of intratumoral bacteria in the response and toxicity to cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1588069858000},"page":"3115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Microbes and Cancer: Friends or Faux?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Agrupamento de Escolas D. Maria II, 4760-067 V.N. Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Pina-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Baltazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4835-258 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21153","article-title":"Cancer statistics for Hispanics\/Latinos, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Siegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq495","article-title":"Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010\u20132020","volume":"103","author":"Mariotto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0263-RA","article-title":"Diagnosis of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology: Implications of the 2011 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\/American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society classification","volume":"137","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04709","article-title":"Intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of breast cancer: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficiency and multidrug resistance gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Denisov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13443","article-title":"Oncogenic spiral by infectious pathogens: Cooperation of multiple factors in cancer development","volume":"109","author":"Yasunaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21731","article-title":"The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002","volume":"118","author":"Parkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-416-6_11","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1","volume":"596","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: A review and synthetic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ferlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-015-3599-y","article-title":"Oncogenic viruses and cancer","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-9-38","article-title":"Global burden of deaths from Epstein-Barr virus attributable malignancies 1990\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80622-6","article-title":"EBV persistence in memory B cells in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Babcock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61177-X","article-title":"Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"379","author":"Molyneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.09024.x","article-title":"Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma\/leukaemia","volume":"156","author":"Miles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403648","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/403648","article-title":"Paradigms and Controversies in the Treatment of HIV-Related Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"2012","author":"Petrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2012.01.001","article-title":"HIV-associated lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Brady","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3182667bc7","article-title":"Characteristics and prognosis of B-cell lymphoma in HIV-infected children in the HAART era","volume":"34","author":"Godot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32831a722b","article-title":"HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Carbone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"136","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma after transplant: An aggressive lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"12","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03033.x","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and carcinogenesis: Beyond Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.09.003","article-title":"Why are East Asians more susceptible to several infection-associated cancers (carcinomas of the nasopharynx, stomach, liver, adenocarcinoma of the lung, nasal NK\/T-cell lymphomas)?","volume":"79","author":"Wee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2015.02.021","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review","volume":"32","author":"Petersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus associated smooth muscle tumors. Synchronous liver and lung involvement","volume":"33","author":"Alabdulqader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-0144-2","article-title":"HBV infection increases the risk of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23251","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus infection and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A population-based study in China","volume":"122","author":"Hsing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, F.H., Chang, S.N., Chen, P.C., Sung, F.C., Su, C.T., and Yeh, C.C. (2011). Association between chronic viral hepatitis infection and breast cancer risk: A nationwide population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-495"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/cancer\/prevention\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.003","article-title":"Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases","volume":"31","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6526a1","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers-United States, 2008\u20132012","volume":"65","author":"Viens","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, March 04). Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/hpv\/HPV-FS-July-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e328364f273","article-title":"Review of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of human papillomavirus infection","volume":"23","author":"Asiaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603927","article-title":"Public awareness that HPV is a risk factor for cervical cancer","volume":"97","author":"Marlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20007","article-title":"Women\u2019s desired information about human papillomavirus","volume":"100","author":"Anhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.016436","article-title":"Social and psychological impact of HPV testing in cervical screening: A qualitative study","volume":"82","author":"McCaffery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.06.019","article-title":"Overview of human papillomavirus-based and other novel options for cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries","volume":"26","author":"Cuzick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, M. (2017). Tumour virus vaccines: Hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 372.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0268"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252786","article-title":"Virology. Epstein-Barr virus turns 50","volume":"343","author":"Lieberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.011","article-title":"Primary liver cancer: Worldwide incidence and trends","volume":"127","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8931591","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8931591","article-title":"Evidence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Cancer and Noncancer Stem Cells Associated with Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"2016","author":"Minuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.01.045","article-title":"Is hepatitis C virus carcinogenic?","volume":"142","author":"Lemon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-275818","article-title":"Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Epidemiology, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"117","author":"Marcucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.025","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Gisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03256.x","article-title":"Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"95","author":"Matsuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2017.01.003","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S10193","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of cancer: A population-based cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Omland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"535","article-title":"Suppression of replication of multidrug-resistant HIV type 1 variants by combinations of thymidylate synthase inhibitors with zidovudine or stavudine","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006841","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841","article-title":"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256739","article-title":"HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations","volume":"346","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004063421407","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"342","author":"Antman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatrous, S.V., Grisoli, S.B., Riahi, R.R., and Cohen, P.R. (2017). Cutaneous HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: A potential setting for management by clinical observation. Dermatol. Online J., 23.","DOI":"10.5070\/D3236035374"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001567","article-title":"HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma and related diseases","volume":"31","author":"Goncalves","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00005","article-title":"Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992\u20132003","volume":"148","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117008","article-title":"Risk of Other Cancers Following Kaposis-Sarcoma-Relation to Acquired-Immunodeficiency-Syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Biggar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0270-4","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma","volume":"18","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"955","article-title":"Epidemiological ins and outs of helicobacter pylori: A review","volume":"62","author":"Muhammad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilo, V., Sugiyama, T., and Touati, E. (2017). Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter, 22.","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12405"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.05.023","article-title":"Gastric Cancer as Preventable Disease","volume":"15","author":"Rugge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venerito, M., Vasapolli, R., Rokkas, T., Delchier, J.C., and Malfertheiner, P. (2017). Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies. Helicobacter, 22.","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12413"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, T., Nakagawa, M., Kiriyama, Y., Toyoda, T., and Cao, X. (2017). Prevention of Gastric Cancer: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and Beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081699"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"101","article-title":"[New opportunities for the prevention of gastric cancer]","volume":"89","author":"Maev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ter Arkh"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.037","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: A new paradigm for inflammation-associated epithelial cancers","volume":"128","author":"Houghton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2017.01.002","article-title":"The Gastric Microbiome and Its Influence on Gastric Carcinogenesis: Current Knowledge and Ongoing Research","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2017.07.004","article-title":"Genetic variants in gastric cancer: Risks and clinical implications","volume":"103","author":"Gigek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309252","article-title":"Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis","volume":"64","author":"Sugano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0897-8","article-title":"Roadmap to eliminate gastric cancer with Helicobacter pylori eradication and consecutive surveillance in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Asaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00144","article-title":"Population Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Helicobacter pylori Transmission and Outcomes: A Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Driscoll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9030394","article-title":"Interaction of wild strains of Aspergilla with Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC15517 and aflatoxin production","volume":"9","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-064","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis promotes tumor growth and severity in a tumor-bearing mouse model","volume":"56","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3540-8","article-title":"Molecular fractionation and characterization of a Candida albicans fraction that increases tumor cell adhesion to hepatic endothelium","volume":"92","author":"Gallot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Garcia, A., Arteta, B., Abad-Diaz-de-Cerio, A., Pellon, A., Antoran, A., Marquez, J., Rementeria, A., and Hernando, F.L. (2013). Candida albicans increases tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro: Intraspecific differences and importance of the mannose receptor. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053584"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Bakri, M., Mohd Hussaini, H., Rachel Holmes, A., David Cannon, R., and Mary Rich, A. (2010). Revisiting the association between candidal infection and carcinoma, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Oral. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v2i0.5780"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"181","article-title":"Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression?","volume":"42","author":"Rementeria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adebayo, A.S., Suryavanshi, M.V., Bhute, S., Agunloye, A.M., Isokpehi, R.D., Anumudu, C.I., and Shouche, Y.S. (2017). The microbiome in urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006067"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.04.034","article-title":"Tissue Microbiome Profiling Identifies an Enrichment of Specific Enteric Bacteria in Opisthorchis viverrini Associated Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Chng","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itthitaetrakool, U., Pinlaor, P., Pinlaor, S., Chomvarin, C., Dangtakot, R., Chaidee, A., Wilailuckana, C., Sangka, A., Lulitanond, A., and Yongvanit, P. (2016). Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini Infection Changes the Liver Microbiome and Promotes Helicobacter Growth. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165798"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4572","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-232751","article-title":"Infection with the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini modifies intestinal and biliary microbiome","volume":"27","author":"Plieskatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.11.016","article-title":"Co-infections with liver fluke and Helicobacter species: A paradigm change in pathogenesis of opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma?","volume":"66","author":"Sripa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, M.C., Alves, H., and Richter, J. (2017). Halting Schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer. Int. J. Cancer Manag., 10.","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm.9430"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.22","article-title":"Bladder cancer","volume":"3","author":"Sanli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"629","article-title":"Genital and urinary tract diseases and bladder cancer","volume":"51","author":"Negri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2011.06.006","article-title":"CD147 overexpression allows an accurate discrimination of bladder cancer patients\u2019 prognosis","volume":"37","author":"Afonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.97","article-title":"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer","volume":"12","author":"Mostafa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: A review","volume":"8","author":"Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimes, J.E., Croll, D., Harrison, W.E., Utzinger, J., Freeman, M.C., and Templeton, M.R. (2014). The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003296"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"69","article-title":"Toxicity of washing soaps to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and effects of sublethal concentrations on infectivity in mice","volume":"34","author":"Okwuosa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"311","article-title":"Investigation into the cercariacidal and miracidiacidal properties of Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) berries (type 44)","volume":"75","author":"Birrie","year":"1998","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.2.10487","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium and bladder cancer: What lies beneath?","volume":"1","author":"Botelho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.012","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium: Identification of new estrogenic molecules with estradiol antagonistic activity and ability to inactivate estrogen receptor in mammalian cells","volume":"126","author":"Botelho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-017-0146-1","article-title":"Infections in Cancer Patients with Solid Tumors: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Rolston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"John, C., Ruckdeschel, M., John Greene, M.D.K., Eric Sommers, M.D., Karen, K., and Fields, M.D. (2003). Respiratory infections in patients with cancer. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, BC Decker. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364982","article-title":"Nature and outcome of febrile episodes in patients with pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer","volume":"3","author":"Rolston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0525-9","article-title":"The current spectrum of infection in cancer patients with chemotherapy related neutropenia","volume":"42","author":"Nesher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2019, February 23). Cancer Facts & Figures 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/research\/cancer-facts-statistics\/all-cancer-facts-figures\/cancer-facts-figures-2019.html."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6097","article-title":"Infectious Disease. How to bolster the antifungal pipeline","volume":"347","author":"Denning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01691.x","article-title":"The changing face of epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in Europe","volume":"52","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410903241444","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive mycoses in North America","volume":"36","author":"Pfaller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1829-1835.2005","article-title":"Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: Results from population-based surveillance, barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003","volume":"43","author":"Almirante","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0892-z","article-title":"A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy","volume":"18","author":"Lalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12013","article-title":"Epidemiology of candidemia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumours in Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Bergamasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1086\/651263","article-title":"Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001\u20132006: Overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database","volume":"50","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.08.003","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry","volume":"65","author":"Steinbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1086\/339202","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"34","author":"Marr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.Supplement_1.S43","article-title":"Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: Experience at a cancer center and review","volume":"14","author":"Anaissie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920601)69:11<2653::AID-CNCR2820691106>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in patients having bone marrow transplant. Attributable mortality and risk factors","volume":"69","author":"Pannuti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05763.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience","volume":"131","author":"Griff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0184-2","article-title":"Significant alterations in the epidemiology and treatment outcome of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"88","author":"Auberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000196477","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis: Early diagnosis improves survival","volume":"62","author":"Roos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-07","article-title":"Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients","volume":"20","author":"Nucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1994","article-title":"Mucormycosis","volume":"Volume 2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Goldman\u2019s Cecil Medicine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2009.11.003","article-title":"Current therapeutic approaches to fungal infections in immunocompromised hematological patients","volume":"24","author":"Pagano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4972","article-title":"Cancer and the microbiota","volume":"348","author":"Garrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3344","article-title":"The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01817","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01817-14","article-title":"Bone marrow dendritic cells from mice with an altered microbiota provide interleukin 17A-dependent protection against Entamoeba histolytica colitis","volume":"5","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31820970d1","article-title":"Clostridium Difficile Infection among Children with Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Tai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajagopala, S.V., Yooseph, S., Harkins, D.M., Moncera, K.J., Zabokrtsky, K.B., Torralba, M.G., Tovchigrechko, A., Highlander, S.K., Pieper, R., and Sender, L. (2016). Gastrointestinal microbial populations can distinguish pediatric and adolescent Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) at the time of disease diagnosis. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2965-y"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhou, X., You, M., Du, Q., Yang, X., He, J., Zou, J., Cheng, L., and Li, M. (2014). Oral microbiota distinguishes acute lymphoblastic leukemia pediatric hosts from healthy populations. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102116"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3610","article-title":"The microbiome and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schwabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3473","article-title":"Chemotherapy, immunity and microbiota\u2014a new triumvirate?","volume":"20","author":"Karin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01235-16","article-title":"The Microbiota of Breast Tissue and Its Association with Breast Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30751","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30751","article-title":"The Microbiome of Aseptically Collected Human Breast Tissue in Benign and Malignant Disease","volume":"6","author":"Hieken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Kwa, M., Plottel, C.S., Blaser, M.J., and Adams, S. (2016). The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 108."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariat, D., Firmesse, O., Levenez, F., Guimaraes, V., Sokol, H., Dore, J., Corthier, G., and Furet, J.P. (2009). The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-123"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38007-5_22","article-title":"Gut microbes, diet, and cancer","volume":"159","author":"Hullar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72333","article-title":"Antibiotics and the gut microbiota","volume":"124","author":"Modi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsson, H.E., Jernberg, C., Andersson, A.F., Sjolund-Karlsson, M., Jansson, J.K., and Engstrand, L. (2010). Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M.L., and Relman, D.A. (2008). The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060280"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23622","article-title":"Antibiotic use predicts an increased risk of cancer","volume":"123","author":"Kilkkinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goedert, J.J., Jones, G., Hua, X., Xu, X., Yu, G., Flores, R., Falk, R.T., Gail, M.H., Shi, J., and Ravel, J. (2015). Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A population-based case-control pilot study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 107.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv147"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314205","article-title":"Gastric microbial community profiling reveals a dysbiotic cancer-associated microbiota","volume":"67","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04202","article-title":"Stomach microbiota composition varies between patients with non-atrophic gastritis and patients with intestinal type of gastric cancer","volume":"4","author":"Mantilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506655103","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach","volume":"103","author":"Bik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0192-5","article-title":"Microbiological survey of the human gastric ecosystem using culturing and pyrosequencing methods","volume":"65","author":"Delgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, A.F., Lindberg, M., Jakobsson, H., Backhed, F., Nyren, P., and Engstrand, L. (2008). Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002836"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12075","article-title":"The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota","volume":"38","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707500","article-title":"Clostridium difficile\u2014more difficult than ever","volume":"359","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007302-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the stomach microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and in controls","volume":"58","author":"Dicksved","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2819","article-title":"A bacterial driver-passenger model for colorectal cancer: Beyond the usual suspects","volume":"10","author":"Tjalsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Yin, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, Q., Yang, Y., and He, J. (2020). Foes or Friends? Bacteria Enriched in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020372"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.156","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5724","article-title":"Microbial genomic analysis reveals the essential role of inflammation in bacteria-induced colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Arthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Castellarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Kostic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0963-x","article-title":"Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Ocon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas, C., Barnich, N., and Nguyen, H.T.T. (2017). Microbiota, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061310"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.9.3202-3207.1995","article-title":"Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer","volume":"61","author":"Moore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liu, F., Ling, Z., Tong, X., and Xiang, C. (2012). Human intestinal lumen and mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00020","article-title":"Microbiota disbiosis is associated with colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000045","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer, inflammation, and microbiome","volume":"20","author":"Zambirinis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"2387","article-title":"Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on human pancreatic cancer cell line","volume":"54","author":"Takayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0595-3","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300784","article-title":"Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer","volume":"61","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001092","article-title":"The Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer: An Evidence-based Association? Proceedings from the 9th Probiotics, Prebiotics and New Foods, Nutraceuticals and Botanicals for Nutrition & Human and Microbiota Health Meeting, held in Rome, Italy from September 10 to 12, 2017","volume":"52","author":"Archibugi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1373","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1373","article-title":"Characterization of the salivary microbiome in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"3","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95176","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18820","article-title":"Gut microbial profile analysis by MiSeq sequencing of pancreatic carcinoma patients in China","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0933-8","article-title":"The oral microbiota in patients with pancreatic cancer, patients with IPMNs, and controls: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Olson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"284680","article-title":"Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies","volume":"2015","author":"Velloso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7209","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3109","article-title":"Association of Fusobacterium species in pancreatic cancer tissues with molecular features and prognosis","volume":"6","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt392","article-title":"Emerging roles of the microbiome in cancer","volume":"35","author":"Bultman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2017.09.002","article-title":"The potential role of gut microbiota in pancreatic disease: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Memba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatol. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Pancreatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.11.004","article-title":"The Tumor Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer: Bacteria and Beyond","volume":"36","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02360-0","article-title":"How bacteria could cause cancer: One step at a time","volume":"10","author":"Lax","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-3-27","article-title":"The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: A descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects","volume":"3","author":"Mager","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-4-14","article-title":"Bacteria and cancer: Cause, coincidence or cure? A review","volume":"4","author":"Mager","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, B.L., Kuczynski, J., Bhattacharya, A., Huey, B., Corby, P.M., Queiroz, E.L., Nightingale, K., Kerr, A.R., DeLacure, M.D., and Veeramachaneni, R. (2014). Changes in abundance of oral microbiota associated with oral cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098741"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.12.003","article-title":"The microbiome and oral cancer: More questions than answers","volume":"89","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2006.11.006","article-title":"The influence of oral hygiene on salivary quality in the Ames Test, as a marker for genotoxic effects","volume":"43","author":"Bloching","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240527","article-title":"Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"342","author":"Iida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240537","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide","volume":"342","author":"Viaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.04.019","article-title":"The cytostatic activity of pyrimidine nucleosides is strongly modulated by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"76","author":"Bronckaers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5043","article-title":"Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine","volume":"357","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32205","article-title":"Microbial translocation augments the function of adoptively transferred self\/tumor-specific CD8+ T cells via TLR4 signaling","volume":"117","author":"Paulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","article-title":"Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota","volume":"350","author":"Vetizou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx108","article-title":"Baseline gut microbiota predicts clinical response and colitis in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab","volume":"28","author":"Chaput","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4236","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.13","article-title":"Microbiota: A key orchestrator of cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606932","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation protects against radiation-induced toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003145","article-title":"The Role of Oral Antibiotic Preparation in Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Rollins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villeger, R., Lopes, A., Carrier, G., Veziant, J., Billard, E., Barnich, N., Gagniere, J., Vazeille, E., and Bonnet, M. (2019). Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Target to Improve Anti-Tumor Treatment?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184584"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.113.085852","article-title":"Molecular insights into microbial beta-glucuronidase inhibition to abrogate CPT-11 toxicity","volume":"84","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199702000-00005","article-title":"Intestinal anaerobic bacteria hydrolyse sorivudine, producing the high blood concentration of 5-(E)-(2-bromovinyl)uracil that increases the level and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil","volume":"7","author":"Nakayama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70504-7","article-title":"Microbiota and radiation-induced bowel toxicity: Lessons from inflammatory bowel disease for the radiation oncologist","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/9\/3115\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:51:32Z","timestamp":1760363492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/9\/3115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21093115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]}}}