{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:44:41Z","timestamp":1776109481415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that, when classified as severe, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Promptly identifying the severity of AP is of extreme importance for improving clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the prognostic value of serological biomarkers, ratios, and multifactorial scores in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and to identify the best predictors. In this observational and prospective study, the biomarkers, ratios and multifactorial scores were evaluated on admission and at 48 h of the symptom onset. On admission, regarding the AP severity, the white blood count (WBC) and neutrophil\u2013lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and regarding the mortality, the WBC and the modified Marshall score (MMS) showed the best predictive values. At 48 h, regarding the AP severity, the hepcidin, NLR, systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and MMS and regarding the mortality, the NLR, hepcidin and the bedside index for severity in AP (BISAP) score, showed the best predictive values. The present study enabled the identification, for the first time, of SIRI as a new prognostic tool for AP severity, and validated hepcidin and the NLR as better prognostic markers than C-reactive protein (CRP) at 48 h of symptom onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T13:11:32Z","timestamp":1592399492000},"page":"4300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evaluation of Prognostic Factors of Severity in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva-Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"General Surgery Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, CACB, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium\/Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Morgado-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, CACB, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Escola Superior de Gest\u00e3o, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, CACB, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco, 6000-085 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, CACB, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filomena","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium\/Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guilherme","family":"Tralh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium\/Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.07.004","article-title":"Statin intake can decrease acute pancreatitis severit","volume":"19","author":"Nistal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2017.01.005","article-title":"The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313595","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis: Recent advances through randomised trials","volume":"66","author":"Hallensleben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00126","article-title":"Dietary fat patterns and outcomes in acute pancreatitis in Spain","volume":"7","author":"Lanas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1rniczky, A., Kui, B., Szentesi, A., Bal\u00e1zs, A., Sz\u0171cs, \u00c1., Mosztbacher, D., Czimmer, J., Sarl\u00f3s, P., Bajor, J., and G\u00f3di, S. (2016). Prospective, multicentre, nationwide clinical data from 600 cases of acute pancreatitis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165309"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302779","article-title":"Classification of acute pancreatitis\u20132012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus","volume":"62","author":"Banks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Vaz, P., Abrantes, A.M., Castelo-Branco, M., Gouveia, A., Botelho, M.F., and Tralhao, J.G. (2020). Multifactorial scores and biomarkers of prognosis of acute pancreatitis: Applications to research and practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010338"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01092","article-title":"A multicenter, international cohort analysis of 1435 cases to support clinical trial design in acute pancreatitis","volume":"10","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.12.007","article-title":"Circulating microRNA 216 as a marker for the early identification of severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"353","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367581","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/367581","article-title":"Comparison of Ranson, Glasgow, MOSS, SIRS, BISAP, APACHE-II, CTSI Scores, IL-6, CRP, and procalcitonin in predicting severity, organ failure, pancreatic necrosis, and mortality in acute pancreatitis","volume":"2013","author":"Khanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"HPB Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-027631","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3","volume":"108","author":"Wrighting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215686","article-title":"The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation","volume":"110","author":"Nicolas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26222","article-title":"The role of serum high mobility group box 1 and interleukin-6 levels in acute pancreatitis: A meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"585","article-title":"Hepcidin and its role in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Dudkowiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0528","article-title":"Pancreatic b-cells express hepcidin, an iron-uptake regulatory peptide","volume":"197","author":"Kulaksiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"595","article-title":"Hepcidin as a predictor of disease severity in acute pancreatitis: A single center prospective study","volume":"60","author":"Arabul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000331494","article-title":"Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of adverse outcomes of acute pancreatitis","volume":"11","author":"Azab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758068","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3758068","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume-to-platelet count ratio as biomarkers in critically ill and injured patients: Which ratio to choose to predict outcome and nature of bacteremia?","volume":"2018","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30057","article-title":"A novel systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for predicting the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer after chemotherapy","volume":"122","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv45","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz155.165","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) predicts poor survival in pancreatic cancer patients treated with FOLFIRINOX","volume":"30","author":"Kamposioras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Vaz, P., Abrantes, A.M., Castelo-Branco, M., Gouveia, A., Botelho, M.F., and Tralh\u00e3o, J.G. (2019). Murine Models of Acute Pancreatitis: A Critical Appraisal of Clinical Relevance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112794"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02317-5","article-title":"Search for prognostic markers for acute pancreatitis","volume":"355","author":"Windsor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001283","article-title":"Does etiology of pancreatitis matter? Differences in outcomes among patients with post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, acute biliary, and alcoholic pancreatitis","volume":"48","author":"Kamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2020.03.018","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis: A prospective, multicenter, international cohort analysis of 716 acute pancreatitis cases","volume":"20","author":"Mosztbacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-012-0364-9","article-title":"Enhanced recovery in the management of mild gallstone pancreatitis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279607","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/279607","article-title":"The predictivity of serum biochemical markers in acute biliary pancreatitis","volume":"2011","author":"Gungor","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolber, W., Ku\u015bnierz-Cabala, B., Dumnicka, P., Maraj, M., Mazur-Laskowska, M., P\u0119dziwiatr, M., and Ceranowicz, P. (2018). Serum Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor does not outperform c-reactive protein and procalcitonin as an early marker of severity of acute pancreatitis. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100305"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.114","article-title":"Dynamic measurement of disease activity in acute pancreatitis: The pancreatitis activity scoring system","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01002","article-title":"Computed tomography severity index vs. other indices in the prediction of severity and mortality in acute pancreatitis: A predictive accuracy meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Vigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1935.15.4.597","article-title":"Variations in white blood cell counts","volume":"15","author":"Garrey","year":"1935","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"177","article-title":"Role of increased immature granulocyte percentage in the early prediction of acute necrotizing pancreatitis","volume":"25","author":"Unal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ulus. Travma Acil. Cerrahi. Derg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.37.2.207","article-title":"C reactive protein: An aid to assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis","volume":"37","author":"Mayer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15275","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015275","article-title":"Severity stratification and prognostic prediction of patients with acute pancreatitis at early phase: A retrospective study","volume":"98","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-2121-1","article-title":"The prognostic value of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in acute pancreatitis: Identification of an optimal NLR","volume":"17","author":"Suppiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.01.005","article-title":"Effect of harmless acute pancreatitis score, red cell distribution width and neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio on the mortality of patients with nontraumatic acute pancreatitis at the emergency department","volume":"6","author":"Gulen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2017-0039","article-title":"A new marker to determine prognosis of acute pancreatitis: PLR and NLR combination","volume":"37","author":"Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18856","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio alone may not be a true indicator of the severity of acute pancreatitis","volume":"30","author":"Tanoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"316","article-title":"Balthazar score and neutrophil-lymphocytes ratio in acute pancreatitis","volume":"45","author":"Petrescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_82_19","article-title":"Predictive values of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an early indicator for severe acute pancreatitis in the emergency department patients","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52094","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10626","article-title":"Prognostic value of a systemic inflammatory response index in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and construction of a predictive model","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"254","article-title":"A systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) correlates with survival and predicts oncological outcome for mFOLFIRINOX therapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"France","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S235519","article-title":"Pretreatment systemic inflammation response index in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a useful prognostic indicator","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-012-0443-6","article-title":"Diagnostic role of platelet lymphocyte ratio(PLR) in pancreatic head masses","volume":"75","author":"Miglani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S.K., Jung, S., Lee, K.J., and Kim, J.W. (2018). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio can predict the severity of gallstone pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0748-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1051026","article-title":"Evaluation of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width-platelet ratio as early predictor of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Ilhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.6.832","article-title":"The potential role of procalcitonin and interleukin 8 in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis","volume":"41","author":"Rau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"222","article-title":"Procalcitonin strip test in the early detection of severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"88","author":"Takala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.01191.x","article-title":"Early identification of biliary pancreatitis with procalcitonin","volume":"93","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.02.013","article-title":"The value of procalcitonin at predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis and development of infected pancreatic necrosis: Systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Mofidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32835fd3f0","article-title":"C-reactive protein prognostic accuracy in acute pancreatitis: Timing of measurement and cutoff points","volume":"25","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2017.06.001","article-title":"The predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute pancreatitis\u2013is interval change in CRP an additional indicator of severity?","volume":"19","author":"Stirling","year":"2017","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00022","article-title":"Serum amyloid A versus C-reactive protein in acute pancreatitis: Clinical value of an alternative acute-phase reactant","volume":"28","author":"Rau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01920-7","article-title":"LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity","volume":"480","author":"Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008922200","article-title":"Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver","volume":"276","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.156333","article-title":"Hepcidin-A novel biomarker with changing trends","volume":"9","author":"Kali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i17.2129","article-title":"Presence of hepcidin-25 in biological fluids: Bile, ascitic and pleural fluids","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1777","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein signaling by hemojuvelin regulates hepcidin expression","volume":"38","author":"Babitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.10.010","article-title":"A role of SMAD4 in iron metabolism through the positive regulation of hepcidin expression","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.152702","article-title":"The early prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: A large population-based study","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000441003","article-title":"Evaluating the Ability of the Bedside Index for Severity of Acute Pancreatitis Score to Predict Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.04.026","article-title":"Evaluation of the BISAP scoring system in prognostication of acute pancreatitis\u2014A prospective observational study","volume":"54","author":"Hagjer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.28","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis score in assessing mortality and intermediate markers of severity in acute pancreatitis","volume":"104","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, S., Midha, S., Mahapatra, S.J., Gupta, S., Sharma, M.K., Nayak, B., Jacob, T.G., and Garg, P.K. (2018). Interleukin-6 significantly improves predictive value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome for predicting severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2018.05.002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/12\/4300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:39:42Z","timestamp":1760175582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/12\/4300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21124300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21124300","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]}}}