{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:24:19Z","timestamp":1777184659064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basque Government Department of Education, Linguistic Politics and Culture","award":["IT-927-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT-927-16"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u00b4s MINECO","award":["MAT2016-78527-P (AEI\/FEDER,UE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2016-78527-P (AEI\/FEDER,UE)"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s COST","award":["TD1305 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD1305 project"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/BBSRC\/3317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/BBSRC\/3317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese government, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019 (iMed.ULisboa)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019 (iMed.ULisboa)"]}]},{"name":"POLYMAT","award":["N.S. PhD predoctoral grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.S. PhD predoctoral grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A.L. postdoctoral fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A.L. postdoctoral fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reports the versatility of polydopamine (PD) when applied as a particle coating in a composite of polylactide (PLA). Polydopamine was observed to increase the particle\u2013matrix interface strength and facilitate the adsorption of drugs to the material surface. Here, barium sulfate radiopaque particles were functionalized with polydopamine and integrated into a polylactide matrix, leading to the formulation of a biodegradable and X-ray opaque material with enhanced mechanical properties. Polydopamine functionalized barium sulfate particles also facilitated the adsorption and release of the antibiotic levofloxacin. Analysis of the antibacterial capacity of these composites and the metabolic activity and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro demonstrated that these materials are non-cytotoxic and can be 3D printed to formulate complex biocompatible materials for bone fixation devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"5480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Benefits of Polydopamine as Particle\/Matrix Interface in Polylactide\/PD-BaSO4 Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Naroa","family":"Sadaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering EIB 1, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and Polymat, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Larra\u00f1aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering EIB 1, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and Polymat, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Research in Medical Devices (C\u00daRAM), National University of Ireland (NUIG), Newcastle Road, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Orpella-Aceret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Medical Devices (C\u00daRAM), National University of Ireland (NUIG), Newcastle Road, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8498-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana F.","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Portugal\/LAQV\/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, 4160-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manus","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Medical Devices (C\u00daRAM), National University of Ireland (NUIG), Newcastle Road, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Isabel A. C.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jone M.","family":"Ugartemendia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering EIB 1, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and Polymat, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Ramon","family":"Sarasua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering EIB 1, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and Polymat, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Zuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, School of Engineering EIB 1, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU) and Polymat, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2015.42","article-title":"Properties and medical applications of polylactic acid: A review","volume":"9","author":"Hamad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.008","article-title":"A comprehensive study on the fabrication and properties of biocomposites of poly(lactic acid)\/ceramics for bone tissue engineering","volume":"70","author":"Tajbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.005","article-title":"High toughness biodegradable radiopaque composites based on polylactide and barium sulphate","volume":"73","author":"Sadaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.20331","article-title":"Crystallinity and mechanical properties of optically pure polylactides and their blends","volume":"45","author":"Sarasua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.05.041","article-title":"Understanding the toughness mechanism prompted by submicron rigid particles in polylactide\/barium sulfate composites","volume":"69","author":"Sadaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36289","article-title":"Characterization of printed PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"106","author":"Guduric","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1163\/156856203322274923","article-title":"Mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of self-reinforced radiopaque bioresorbable polylactide fibres","volume":"14","author":"Nuutinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W.-J., Pan, Y.-H., Tzeng, J.-J., Wu, T.-L., Fong, T.-H., Feng, S.-W., and Huang, H.-M. (2015). Development and Testing of X-Ray Imaging-Enhanced Poly-L-Lactide Bone Screws. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140354"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-016-0329-8","article-title":"Effect of Bi2O3 particle sizes and addition of starch into Bi2O3\u2013PVA composites for X-ray shielding","volume":"122","author":"Musa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-2254-5","article-title":"Characteristics of X-ray attenuation in nano-sized bismuth oxide\/epoxy-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix composites","volume":"124","author":"Abunahel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuza, E., Meaurio, E., and Sarasua, J.-R. (2016). Biodegradable Polylactide-Based Composites. Composites from Renewable and Sustainable Materials, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/65468"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.02.025","article-title":"Simultaneously reinforcing and toughening of polylactide\/carbon fiber composites via adding small amount of soft poly(ether)urethane","volume":"127","author":"Xiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.11.034","article-title":"3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.08.088","article-title":"A review on additive manufacturing of polymer-fiber composites","volume":"182","author":"Parandoush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.07.006","article-title":"Polylactides in additive biomanufacturing","volume":"107","author":"Poh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400407a","article-title":"Polydopamine and Its Derivative Materials: Synthesis and Promising Applications in Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Fields","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65618","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA09495J","article-title":"Coating of bioactive glass particles with mussel-inspired polydopamine as a strategy to improve the thermal stability of poly(l -lactide)\/bioactive glass composites","volume":"5","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10166","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b13149","article-title":"Perspectives on Mussel-Inspired Wet Adhesion","volume":"139","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00260","article-title":"Polydopamine Nanocapsule: A Theranostic Agent for Photoacoustic Imaging and Chemo-Photothermal Synergistic Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Zhuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600296","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201600296","article-title":"Polydopamine Nanoparticle as a Multifunctional Nanocarrier for Combined Radiophotodynamic Therapy of Cancer","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56732","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12062A","article-title":"Improving osteogenesis of PLGA\/HA porous scaffolds based on dual delivery of BMP-2 and IGF-1 via a polydopamine coating","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.293","article-title":"Mussel-inspired surface modification of titania nanotubes as a novel drug delivery system","volume":"77","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5b00257","article-title":"Effects of Polydopamine Functionalization on Boron Nitride Nanotube Dispersion and Cytocompatibility","volume":"26","author":"Gladkovskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.03.085","article-title":"Modification of carbon nanotubes by a novel biomimetic approach towards the enhancement of the mechanical properties of polyurethane","volume":"92","author":"Mu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2011.01.018","article-title":"Comparative radiopacity of bone graft materials","volume":"40","author":"Pekkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.03.011","article-title":"Biofilm formation on bone grafts and bone graft substitutes: Comparison of different materials by a standard in vitro test and microcalorimetry","volume":"6","author":"Clauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00769-3","article-title":"Toughening of polypropylene with calcium carbonate particles","volume":"44","author":"Zuiderduin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(98)00169-4","article-title":"Micromechanical deformation processes in toughened and particle filled semicrystalline polymers: Part 2. model representation for micromechanical deformation processes","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.11.031","article-title":"\u2018Matthew\u2019 Synergistic bond strengthening in epoxy adhesives using polydopamine\/MWCNT hybrids","volume":"82","author":"Subramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.07.025","article-title":"Manufacture and Characterisation of Porous PLA Scaffolds","volume":"49","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM448","article-title":"Morphology and compression behaviour of biodegradable scaffolds produced by the sintering process","volume":"222","author":"Ghassemieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/app.40956","article-title":"Evolution of the properties of a poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold with double porosity during in vitro degradation in a phosphate-buffered saline solution","volume":"131","author":"Deplaine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-020-2250-4","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Poly Lactic Acid Scaffolds by Fused Deposition Modeling for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"35","author":"Khodaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2006.00178.x","article-title":"Poly (e-caprolactone) Grafted With Nano-structured Chitosan Enhances Growth of Human Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31546","article-title":"Surface characterization and cell response of a PLA\/CaP glass biodegradable composite material","volume":"85","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2018.12.021","article-title":"The conformation of chloramphenicol in the ordered and disordered phases","volume":"211","author":"Meaurio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.08.089","article-title":"Levofloxacin-loaded bone cement delivery system: Highly effective against intracellular bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"532","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.11.009","article-title":"Multifunctional pH sensitive 3D scaffolds for treatment and prevention of bone infection","volume":"65","author":"Doadrio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118821","article-title":"Understanding intracellular trafficking and anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline chitosan-nanoparticles in human gingival fibroblasts for periodontal disease treatment","volume":"572","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2015). M02-A12 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Twelfth Edition, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/15\/5480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:18Z","timestamp":1760176398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/15\/5480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21155480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21155480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}