{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:06:45Z","timestamp":1769242005040,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnolo\u0161kog Razvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-68\/2020-14\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-68\/2020-14\/200007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000614","name":"Federation of European Microbiological Societies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEMS-GO-2017-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEMS-GO-2017-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/MCTES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/MCTES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R. Calhelha\u00b4s contract"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R. Calhelha\u00b4s contract"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candidaalbicans represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules is of great importance. Camphor and eucalyptol are bioactive terpenoid plant constituents and their antifungal properties have been explored previously. In this study, we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of different Candida species in suspension and biofilm, to block hyphal transition along with their impact on genes encoding for efflux pumps (CDR1 and CDR2), ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG11), and cytotoxicity to primary liver cells. Camphor showed excellent antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125\u20130.35 mg\/mL while eucalyptol was active in the range of 2\u201323 mg\/mL. The results showed camphor\u2019s potential to reduce fungal virulence traits, that is, biofilm establishment and hyphae formation. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol treatments upregulated CDR1;CDR2 was positively regulated after eucalyptol application while camphor downregulated it. Neither had an impact on ERG11 expression. The beneficial antifungal activities of camphor were achieved with an amount that was non-toxic to porcine liver cells, making it a promising antifungal compound for future development. The antifungal concentration of eucalyptol caused cytotoxic effects and increased expression of efflux pump genes, which suggests that it is an unsuitable antifungal candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T09:15:16Z","timestamp":1609924516000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Camphor and Eucalyptol\u2014Anticandidal Spectrum, Antivirulence Effect, Efflux Pumps Interference and Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Abhilash","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4159-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan S.","family":"Stojkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Glamo\u010dlija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Calhelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. F. R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Sanglard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Sokovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0071-2","article-title":"Studying fungal pathogens of humans and fungal infections: Fungal diversity and diversity of approaches","volume":"20","author":"Janbon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikou, S.A., Kichik, N., Brown, R., Ponde, N.O., Ho, J., Naglik, J.R., and Richardson, J.P. 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