{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T02:58:57Z","timestamp":1763348337781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIM\/4293","PTDC\/BBB-EBI\/0567\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIM\/4293","PTDC\/BBB-EBI\/0567\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274","POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular phenotype due to a deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). In colorectal cancer (CRC), dMMR\/MSI is associated with several clinical and histopathological features, influences prognosis, and is a predictive factor of response to therapy. In daily practice, dMMR\/MSI profiles are identified by immunohistochemistry and\/or multiplex PCR. The Thomsen\u2013Friedenreich (TF) antigen was previously found to be a potential single marker to identify MSI-high gastric cancers. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to disclose a possible association between TF expression and MSI status in CRC. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between TF expression and other clinicopathological features, including patient survival. We evaluated the expression of the TF antigen in a cohort of 25 MSI-high and 71 microsatellite stable (MSS) CRCs. No association was observed between the expression of the TF antigen and MSI-high status in CRC. The survival analysis revealed that patients with MSI-high CRC showed improved survival when the TF antigen was expressed. This finding holds promise as it indicates the potential use of the TF antigen as a biomarker of better prognosis in MSI-high CRCs that should be validated in an independent and larger CRC cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"1340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Expression of Thomsen\u2013Friedenreich Antigen in Colorectal Cancer and Association with Microsatellite Instability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique O.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gilza","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mereiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1964-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso A.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2019.06.005","article-title":"Lifestyle and dietary environmental factors in colorectal cancer susceptibility","volume":"69","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.08.059","article-title":"Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis","volume":"158","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3967","article-title":"The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Guinney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-017-9991-0","article-title":"Expending Role of Microsatellite Instability in Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancers","volume":"48","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.064","article-title":"Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer","volume":"138","author":"Boland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8484122","article-title":"Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon","volume":"260","author":"Thibodeau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/363558a0","article-title":"Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"363","author":"Ionov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-015-0348-2","article-title":"Microsatellite instability testing and its role in the management of colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kawakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okita, A., Takahashi, S., Ouchi, K., Inoue, M., Watanabe, M., Endo, M., Honda, H., Yamada, Y., and Ishioka, C. (2018). Consensus molecular subtypes classification of colorectal cancer as a predictive factor for chemotherapeutic efficacy against metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget, 9.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24617"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.06.022","article-title":"Localised colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Tabernero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022289","article-title":"Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer","volume":"349","author":"Ribic","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.1825","article-title":"Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer","volume":"28","author":"Sargent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr170","article-title":"Microsatellite instability, prognosis and drug sensitivity of stage II and III colorectal cancer: More complexity to the puzzle","volume":"103","author":"Tejpar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.292","article-title":"Survival in stage II\/III colorectal cancer is independently predicted by chromosomal and microsatellite instability, but not by specific driver mutations","volume":"108","author":"Mouradov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.086","article-title":"Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis","volume":"23","author":"Popat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.05.009","article-title":"Microsatellite instability as a marker of prognosis and response to therapy: A meta-analysis of colorectal cancer survival data","volume":"46","author":"Guastadisegni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400705","article-title":"Mucin-type O-glycans in human colon and breast cancer: Glycodynamics and functions","volume":"7","author":"Brockhausen","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3982","article-title":"Glycosylation in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Pinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.06.006","article-title":"Glycosylation in the Era of Cancer-Targeted Therapy: Where Are We Heading?","volume":"36","author":"Mereiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.12.016","article-title":"Glycomic analysis of gastric carcinoma cells discloses glycans as modulators of RON receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer","volume":"1860","author":"Mereiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M114.046862","article-title":"Probing the O-Glycoproteome of Gastric Cancer Cell Lines for Biomarker Discovery","volume":"14","author":"Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7050","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1921","article-title":"Role of the Human ST6GalNAc-I and ST6GalNAc-II in the Synthesis of the Cancer-Associated Sialyl-Tn Antigen","volume":"64","author":"Marcos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1443","article-title":"ST6GalNAc-I controls expression of sialyl-Tn antigen in gastrointestinal tissues","volume":"3","author":"Marcos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1815","article-title":"C1GALT1 overexpression promotes the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells through modifying O-glycosylation of FGFR2","volume":"5","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrow, H., Tam, B., Duckworth, C.A., Rhodes, J.M., and Yu, L.-G. (2013). Suppression of Core 1 Gal-Transferase Is Associated with Reduction of TF and Reciprocal Increase of Tn, sialyl-Tn and Core 3 Glycans in Human Colon Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059792"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2014.11.004","article-title":"Glycosylation characteristics of colorectal cancer","volume":"126","author":"Holst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2014.11.002","article-title":"Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer","volume":"126","author":"Kudelka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02484401","article-title":"Thomsen-Friedenreich-related carbohydrate antigens in normal adult human tissues: A systematic and comparative study","volume":"106","author":"Cao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19951115)76:10<1700::AID-CNCR2820761005>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich-related antigens in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas. A reevaluation","volume":"76","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mereiter, S., Polom, K., Williams, C., Polonia, A., Guergova-Kuras, M., Karlsson, N.G., Roviello, F., Magalhaes, A., and Reis, C.A. (2018). The Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen: A Highly Sensitive and Specific Predictor of Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090256"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2017.03.018","article-title":"Synthesis of \u03b2-galactosylamides as ligands of the peanut lectin. Insights into the recognition process","volume":"443\u2013444","author":"Cano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Howlader, N., Noone, A.M., Krapcho, M., Miller, D., Brest, A., Yu, M., Ruhl, J., Tatalovich, Z., Mariotto, A., and Lewis, D.R. (2020, January 19). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132016, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2016."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/3.2.97","article-title":"Biological roles of oligosaccharides: All of the theories are correct","volume":"3","author":"Varki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12632","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12632","article-title":"Glycosylation and stabilization of programmed death ligand-1 suppresses T-cell activity","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2018.3","article-title":"The tumour glyco-code as a novel immune checkpoint for immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13535","article-title":"The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival","volume":"511","author":"Paszek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/pr801057j","article-title":"The second golden age of glycomics: From functional glycomics to clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.071035","article-title":"Alterations in glycosylation as biomarkers for cancer detection","volume":"63","author":"Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"26","article-title":"Comparison between CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 in Patients with Colon Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Youssef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Tumor Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2010.02439.x","article-title":"Review of biomarkers in colorectal cancer","volume":"14","author":"Newton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"801","article-title":"What controls the expression of the core-1 (Thomsen-Friedenreich) glycotope on tumor cells?","volume":"80","author":"Karsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12900","article-title":"Tumor-associated antigens: Tn antigen, sTn antigen, and T antigen","volume":"88","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606862200","article-title":"Galectin-3 interaction with Thomsen-Friedenreich disaccharide on cancer-associated MUC1 causes increased cancer cell endothelial adhesion","volume":"282","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209590200","article-title":"MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma cell homo- and heterotypic adhesion under flow conditions is mediated in part by Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-galectin-3 interactions","volume":"278","author":"Khaldoyanidi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2016.1156533","article-title":"Mismatch repair deficiency testing in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Buza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2008.080031","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite instability testing for screening colorectal cancer patients at risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Part, I. The utility of immunohistochemistry","volume":"10","author":"Shia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.03.003","article-title":"Interobserver variability in the evaluation of mismatch repair protein immunostaining","volume":"41","author":"Klarskov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.01.044","article-title":"Protein glycosylation in gastric and colorectal cancers: Toward cancer detection and targeted therapeutics","volume":"387","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.01.087","article-title":"Heterogeneity of mismatch repair defect in colorectal cancer and its implications in clinical practice","volume":"95","author":"Tachon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughrey, M.B., McGrath, J., Coleman, H.G., Bankhead, P., Maxwell, P., McGready, C., Bingham, V., Humphries, M.P., Craig, S.G., and McQuaid, S. (2020). Identifying mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer: Near-perfect concordance between immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability testing in a large, population-based series. Histopathology.","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14233"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evrard, C., Tachon, G., Randrian, V., Karayan-Tapon, L., and Tougeron, D. (2019). Microsatellite Instability: Diagnosis, Heterogeneity, Discordance, and Clinical Impact in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101567"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds236","article-title":"ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. a personalized approach to clinical decision making","volume":"23","author":"Schmoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00396","article-title":"Review of PD-1\/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Metastatic dMMR\/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500596","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency","volume":"372","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30512-0","article-title":"PD-1 inhibition in metastatic dMMR\/MSI-H colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sclafani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20274","article-title":"Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen expression increases sensitivity of natural killer cell lysis of cancer cells","volume":"111","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0274-z","article-title":"The C-type lectin MGL expressed by dendritic cells detects glycan changes on MUC1 in colon carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Saeland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-3-21","article-title":"Colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability display mRNA expression signatures characteristic of increased immunogenicity","volume":"3","author":"Banerjea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4472","article-title":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability are activated and cytotoxic","volume":"91","author":"Phillips","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13975","article-title":"The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system","volume":"76","author":"Nagtegaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ajani, J.A., Sano, T., Amin, M.B., Edge, S., Greene, F., Byrd, D.R., Brookland, R.K., Washington, M.K., Gershenwald, J.E., and Compton, C.C. (2017). Stomach. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Springer International Publishing. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700350303","article-title":"The classification of cancer of the rectum","volume":"35","author":"Dukes","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.9.1016","article-title":"Reporting colorectal cancer","volume":"40","author":"Jass","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0201-OA","article-title":"Screening for Lynch Syndrome by Immunohistochemistry of Mismatch Repair Proteins: Significance of Indeterminate Result and Correlation with Mutational Studies","volume":"143","author":"Sarode","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2020.104519","article-title":"Novel Biocartis Idylla\u2122 cartridge-based assay for detection of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer tissues","volume":"116","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh034","article-title":"Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability","volume":"96","author":"Umar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/3\/1340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:17:12Z","timestamp":1760159832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/3\/1340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22031340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22031340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}