{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:18:11Z","timestamp":1775326691546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["Strategic Project UIDB\/04539\/2020 and UIDP\/04539\/2020 (CIBB), Pest UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Strategic Project UIDB\/04539\/2020 and UIDP\/04539\/2020 (CIBB), Pest UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["FCT\/FUNCAP cooperative project POCTI-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/31699:MercuMemory; PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-007440, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-0000012:Healthy Aging 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/FUNCAP cooperative project POCTI-FEDER-02\/SAICT\/2017\/31699:MercuMemory; PO-CI-01-0145-FEDER-007440, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-0000012:Healthy Aging 2020"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel [CAPES]","award":["Procad [88881.068408\/2014-01] and CAPES PrInt grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Procad [88881.068408\/2014-01] and CAPES PrInt grants"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is a major environmental concern. In the aquatic reservoir, MeHg bioaccumulates along the food chain until it is consumed by riverine populations. There has been much interest in the neurotoxicity of MeHg due to recent environmental disasters. Studies have also addressed the implications of long-term MeHg exposure for humans. The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of MeHg, as evidenced by clinical symptoms and histopathological changes in poisoned humans. In vitro and in vivo studies have been crucial in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. A collection of cellular and molecular alterations including cytokine release, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate dyshomeostasis, and cell death mechanisms are important consequences of brain cells exposure to MeHg. The purpose of this review is to organize an overview of the mercury cycle and MeHg poisoning events and to summarize data from cellular, animal, and human studies focusing on MeHg effects in neurons and glial cells. This review proposes an up-to-date compendium that will serve as a starting point for further studies and a consultation reference of published studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1616067666000},"page":"3101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Methylmercury Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8015-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Novo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ramon S.","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Experimental Biology Core, University of Fortaleza, Health Sciences, Fortaleza 60110-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo B.","family":"Ori\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o O.","family":"Malva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fontes-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.11.066","article-title":"Mercury and methylmercury transport and fate in the water column of Tagus estuary (Portugal)","volume":"127","author":"Cesario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. 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