{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T13:30:16Z","timestamp":1776000616890,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-072237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-072237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BTI\/30219\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BTI\/30219\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ASP-PES\/28397\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASP-PES\/28397\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication from diabetes mellitus, with a huge economic, social and psychological impact on the patients\u2019 life. One of the main reasons why DFUs are so difficult to heal is related to the presence of biofilms. Biofilms promote wound inflammation and a remarkable lack of response to host defences\/treatment options, which can lead to disease progression and chronicity. In fact, appropriate treatment for the elimination of these microbial communities can prevent the disease evolution and, in some cases, even avoid more serious outcomes, such as amputation or death. However, the detection of biofilm-associated DFUs is difficult due to the lack of methods for diagnostics in clinical settings. In this review, the current knowledge on the involvement of biofilms in DFUs is discussed, as well as how the surrounding environment influences biofilm formation and regulation, along with its clinical implications. A special focus is also given to biofilm-associated DFU diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. An overview on promising alternative therapeutics is provided and an algorithm considering biofilm detection and treatment is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"8278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Impact, Risk Factors and Control Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9409-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6929-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2013). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37, S81\u2013S90.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Modern Overview on Diabetes Mellitus: A Chronic Endocrine Disorder","volume":"4","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"nrdp201716","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.203331","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Coustan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2021, March 23). Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/diabetes#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"IDF (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4","article-title":"What is the diabetic foot? The rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will mean an increasing prevalence of complications such as those of the extremities","volume":"29","author":"Forlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"CME"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2341","article-title":"Time-Dependent Impact of Diabetes on Mortality in Patients After Major Lower Extremity Amputation: Survival in a population-based 5-year cohort in Germany","volume":"34","author":"Icks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kerr, M. (2021, March 23). Foot Care for People with Diabetes: The Economic Case for Change. NHS Diabetes 2012-03. Available online: http:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/Documents\/%0Anhs-diabetes\/footcare\/footcare-for-people-with-diabetes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21847","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v4i0.21847","article-title":"The system of care for the diabetic foot: Objectives, outcomes, and opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Barshes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Global Report on Diabetes, Geneva World Health Organization Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2015.04.007","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer\u2014A review on pathophysiology, classification and microbial etiology","volume":"9","author":"Noor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.37","article-title":"Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"6","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1639","article-title":"Incidence of Lower-Limb Amputation in the Diabetic and Nondiabetic General Population: A 10-year population-based cohort study of initial unilateral and contralateral amputations and reamputations","volume":"32","author":"Johannesson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1581","article-title":"The COVID-19 Outbreak Negatively Affects the Delivery of Care for Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulton, A. (2021). Diabetic Foot Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020097"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1347","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Problems During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Center: The Emergency Among the Emergencies","volume":"43","author":"Caruso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.221","article-title":"Molecular Microbiology: New Dimensions for Cutaneous Biology and Wound Healing","volume":"130","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)","volume":"26","author":"Geerlings","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1086\/424846","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections","volume":"39","author":"Lipsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouget, C., Dunyach-Remy, C., Pantel, A., Schuldiner, S., Sotto, A., and Lavigne, J.-P. (2020). Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101580"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versey, Z., Nizer, W.S.D.C., Russell, E., Zigic, S., DeZeeuw, K.G., Marek, J.E., Overhage, J., and Cassol, E. (2021). Biofilm-Innate Immune Interface: Contribution to Chronic Wound Formation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648554"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00196","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms","volume":"292","author":"Stewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.010","article-title":"Survival strategies of infectious biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Fux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, B.L., Morley, R., Bowling, F.L., Lovering, A.M., and Dobson, C. (2020). Susceptibility of monomicrobial or polymicrobial biofilms derived from infected diabetic foot ulcers to topical or systemic antibiotics in vitro. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228704"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"IDF (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1231932","article-title":"Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00392.x","article-title":"Guest Editorial: Are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer?","volume":"4","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(00)00157-1","article-title":"Cost and resource utilization for prevention and treatment of foot lesions in a diabetic foot clinic in Belgium","volume":"50","author":"Vanmaele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.688","article-title":"Diabetes Care in an Australian Population: Frequency of screening examinations for eye and foot complications of diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Tapp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.06.003","article-title":"The costs of diabetic foot: The economic case for the limb salvage team","volume":"52","author":"Driver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"CORDIS (2020, January 25). Device for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers for Hospital and Home Use. Final Report Summary. Available online: https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/286709\/reporting."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.010","article-title":"Synergistic in vitro effects of indocyanine green and ethylenediamine tetraacetate-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with antibiotics for resistant bacterial biofilms in diabetic foot infection","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i17.2721","article-title":"A concomitant review of the effects of diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism in wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Ekmektzoglou","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2319","article-title":"Predictive factors for diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Boyko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.1.157","article-title":"Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings","volume":"22","author":"Reiber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy","volume":"47","author":"Bowering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician Med. Fam. Can."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01791","article-title":"Microbiota of Chronic Diabetic Wounds: Ecology, Impact, and Potential for Innovative Treatment Strategies","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer","volume":"50","author":"Vuorisalo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-7560(200009\/10)16:1+<::AID-DMRR105>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The diabetic foot: A global view","volume":"16","author":"Boulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.27.2.52","article-title":"A Review of the Pathophysiology, Classification, and Treatment of Foot Ulcers in Diabetic Patients","volume":"27","author":"Clayton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364615592705","article-title":"Foot deformities within the diabetic foot and their influence on biomechanics","volume":"40","author":"Allan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-3930.62596","article-title":"Understanding diabetic foot","volume":"30","author":"Pendsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1553","article-title":"Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Vinik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-012-0004-9","article-title":"Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Alexiadou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/88.11.1436","article-title":"Comprehensive Foot Examination and Risk Assessment: A Report of the Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"88","author":"Boulton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.861","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and diabetic foot disease","volume":"24","author":"Huijberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32830b84cb","article-title":"Diabetic polyneuropathy: An update","volume":"21","author":"Zochodne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2007.12.012","article-title":"Does Diabetes Mellitus Play a Role in Restenosis and Patency Rates Following Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Revascularization? A Critical Overview","volume":"22","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: Prevention, diagnosis and classification","volume":"57","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.05.008","article-title":"Basics in nutrition and wound healing","volume":"26","author":"Wild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3266","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3266","article-title":"Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Schaper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"373","article-title":"Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcer","volume":"4","author":"Iraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"18","article-title":"Offloading A Diabetic Foot Ulcer In The Developing World","volume":"28","author":"Shankhdhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Podiatry Today"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2012.04.008","article-title":"Wound Care: Biofilm and Its Impact on the Latest Treatment Modalities for Ulcerations of the Diabetic Foot","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulton, J.M., Cavanagh, P.R., and Rayman, G. (2006). The Foot in Diabetes, Wiley. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470029374"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1989.tb01230.x","article-title":"Foot Bearing Pressure in Patients with Unilateral Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-3-152","article-title":"Activity Monitors: Should We Begin Dosing Activity as We Dose a Drug?","volume":"91","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"25","article-title":"Diabetes: Improving foot care compliance","volume":"1","author":"Crews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Low. Extrem. Rev. Mag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.06.007","article-title":"Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing","volume":"52","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-6666(06)80134-5","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic ulcers by total contact casting","volume":"4","author":"Michelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"65","article-title":"Foot ulcers in the diabetic patient, prevention and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"122","article-title":"Importance of wound debridement in management of diabetic foot ulcers: Case report","volume":"4","author":"McIntosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wound Essent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03135.x","article-title":"Optimizing the offloading properties of the total contact cast for plantar foot ulceration","volume":"28","author":"Burns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.12.1746","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of a nonremovable fiberglass off-bearing cast versus a therapeutic shoe in the treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers: A randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Caravaggi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1019","article-title":"Off-Loading the Diabetic Foot Wound: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"117","article-title":"Classification, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Doupis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"28","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers--effects on QOL, costs, and mortality and the role of standard wound care and advanced-care therapies","volume":"55","author":"Snyder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahu, B., Prusty, A., and Tudu, B. (2018). Total contact casting versus traditional dressing in diabetic foot ulcers. J. Orthop. Surg., 26.","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499018802486"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0076-x","article-title":"The diabetic foot: The importance of biofilms and wound bed preparation","volume":"6","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002651","article-title":"Current Concepts in Debridement","volume":"138","author":"Anghel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinic-based Debridement of Chronic Ulcers Has Minimal Impact on Bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2010.00619.x","article-title":"The role of surgical debridement in healing of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Lebrun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"CADTH (2014). Debridement Procedures for Managing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01697.x","article-title":"Empirical therapy for diabetic foot infections: Are there clinical clues to guide antibiotic selection?","volume":"13","author":"Lipsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1893-7","article-title":"Changing microbiological profile of pathogenic bacteria in diabetic foot infections: Time for a rethink on which empirical therapy to choose?","volume":"54","author":"Ramakant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis346","article-title":"2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections","volume":"54","author":"Lipsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2699","article-title":"IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Lipsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.03.009","article-title":"The role of anaerobes in diabetic foot infections","volume":"34","author":"Charles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.09.023","article-title":"Diabetic foot infections: What have we learned in the last 30 years?","volume":"40","author":"Lew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-015-0022-9","article-title":"Wound dressings\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Dhivya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1086\/383270","article-title":"Wound Dressings in Diabetic Foot Disease","volume":"39","author":"Hilton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201023378283","article-title":"Management of Acute and Chronic Open Wounds: The Importance of Moist Environment in Optimal Wound Healing","volume":"3","author":"Atiyeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Jones, V. (1998). Selecting a dressing for the diabetic foot: Factors to consider. Diabet. Foot, 48\u201352."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i4.546","article-title":"Choice of wound care in diabetic foot ulcer: A practical approach","volume":"5","author":"Kavitha","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/505207","article-title":"Point: Hyperbaric Oxygen Is Beneficial for Diabetic Foot Wounds","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.048","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"70","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2004.03.001","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygenation and wound healing","volume":"22","author":"Broussard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1280","article-title":"Inpatient management of diabetic foot problems: Summary of NICE guidance","volume":"342","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27618","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v6.27618","article-title":"Negative-pressure wound therapy for management of diabetic foot wounds: A review of the mechanism of action, clinical applications, and recent developments","volume":"6","author":"Hasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet. Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubbink, D.T., Westerbos, S.J., Evans, D., Land, L., and Vermeulen, H. (2008). Topical negative pressure for treating chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001898.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001898.pub2"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2008.06.010","article-title":"Negative Pressure Wound Therapy: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness and Safety","volume":"36","author":"Vikatmaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200102050-00005","article-title":"Tissue-Engineered Skin","volume":"2","author":"Bello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2007.03.011","article-title":"Bioengineered Alternative Tissues and Hyperbaric Oxygen in Lower Extremity Wound Healing","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01164.x","article-title":"Bioengineered skin in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Teng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2008.00410.x","article-title":"PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE: Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Barrientos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.822","article-title":"Efficacy and Safely of a Topical Gel Formulation of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (Becaplermin) in Patients With Chronic Neuropathic Diabetic Ulcers: A phase III randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"21","author":"Wieman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4019","article-title":"Growth factors in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"90","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJS"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000222526.21512.4c","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Ulcers","volume":"117","author":"Steed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2165\/11534570-000000000-00000","article-title":"Benefit-Risk Assessment of Becaplermin in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"33","author":"Papanas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12777","article-title":"Microscopy visualisation confirms multi-species biofilms are ubiquitous in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"14","author":"Johani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0381","article-title":"Biofilms and Inflammation in Chronic Wounds","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, T.R., G\u00f3mez, B.I., McIntyre, M.K., Dubick, M.A., Christy, R.J., Nicholson, S.E., and Burmeister, D.M. (2018). The Cutaneous Microbiome and Wounds: New Molecular Targets to Promote Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092699"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1","article-title":"HHS Public Access","volume":"6","author":"Eming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit005","article-title":"Quantitation and Composition of Cutaneous Microbiota in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Men","volume":"207","author":"Redel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3543","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3543","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the diabetic skin and wound microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Gardiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7459236-10","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7459236","article-title":"Influence of Microbiota on Diabetic Foot Wound in Comparison with Adjacent Normal Skin Based on the Clinical Features","volume":"2019","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_4.S253","article-title":"Virulence Factors in Anaerobes","volume":"18","author":"Duerden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowd, S.E., Wolcott, R.D., Sun, Y., McKeehan, T., Smith, E., and Rhoads, D. (2008). Polymicrobial Nature of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Biofilm Infections Determined Using Bacterial Tag Encoded FLX Amplicon Pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003326"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0771","article-title":"The Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcer Microbiome Is Associated With Clinical Factors","volume":"62","author":"Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00551-07","article-title":"Bacteriology of Moderate-to-Severe Diabetic Foot Infections and In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"45","author":"Citron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: From the Natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Costerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilms: An Emerging Link to Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Parsek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00836.x","article-title":"A review of the scientific evidence for biofilms in wounds","volume":"20","author":"Percival","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0569-5","article-title":"Living together in biofilms: The microbial cell factory and its biotechnological implications","volume":"15","author":"Berlanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01913-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"9","author":"Mah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3962","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer: Building the web of life","volume":"16","author":"Soucy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6339-6345.2002","article-title":"Human Leukocytes Adhere to, Penetrate, and Respond to Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms","volume":"70","author":"Leid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000492680","article-title":"Biofilm-Leukocyte Cross-Talk: Impact on Immune Polarization and Immunometabolism","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.024","article-title":"ESCMID\u2217 guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of biofilm infections 2014","volume":"21","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanasekaran, D., and Thajuddin, N. (2016). Bacterial biofilms in diabetic foot ulcers: Potential alternative therapeutics. Microbial Biofilms\u2014Importance and Applications, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/61499"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.08.025","article-title":"Investigating the suitability of the Calgary Biofilm Device for assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of new agents","volume":"97","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00321.x","article-title":"Biofilms in chronic wounds","volume":"16","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"6","article-title":"Biofilms made easy","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wounds Int."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and Tissue Injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2011.00681.x","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the cellular inflammatory response against biofilm bacteria in chronic wounds","volume":"19","author":"Fazli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"84","article-title":"Correlation of Community Dynamics and Process Parameters As a Tool for the Prediction of the Stability of Wastewater Treatment","volume":"46","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12365637","article-title":"Wound Fluids from Human Pressure Ulcers Contain Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels and Activity Compared to Surgical Wound Fluids","volume":"107","author":"Yager","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1999.00442.x","article-title":"Analysis of the acute and chronic wound environments: The role of proteases and their inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Trengove","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2000.00013.x","article-title":"Mitogenic activity and cytokine levels in non-healing and healing chronic leg ulcers","volume":"8","author":"Trengove","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0868-8","article-title":"Expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the wounds of diabetic and non-diabetic patients","volume":"45","author":"Lobmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00864","article-title":"Strategy for Treatment of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2018.23.Sup3.S22","article-title":"The influence of matrix metalloproteases and biofilm on chronic wound healing: A discussion","volume":"23","author":"Parnham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Community Nurs."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.44.3.587-591.1984","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproteases inhibit human neutrophil chemiluminescence","volume":"44","author":"Kharazmi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/003863-0","article-title":"Rapid necrotic killing of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is caused by quorum-sensing-controlled production of rhamnolipid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"153","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.6.1650","article-title":"Immunohistopathologic Localization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lungs from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Progressive Lung Deterioration","volume":"140","author":"Baltimore","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13093","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of monospecies biofilm matrix components","volume":"52","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1990.tb00400.x","article-title":"The role of immune cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions","volume":"6","author":"Stashenko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1139\/W06-146","article-title":"In situ evidence for microdomains in the polymer matrix of bacterial microcolonies","volume":"53","author":"Lawrence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"147","article-title":"A study of biofilm production by gram-negative organisms isolated from diabetic foot ulcer patients","volume":"3","author":"Zubair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2013.02.006","article-title":"The diabetic foot infections: Biofilms and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13060","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13060","article-title":"Association between biofilm and multi\/extensive drug resistance in diabetic foot infection","volume":"72","author":"Vatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.10.010","article-title":"Appraisal of Biofilm Formation in Diabetic Foot Infections by Comparing Phenotypic Methods With the Ultrastructural Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Pugazhendhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2015.2422","article-title":"Spectrum of bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcer and biofilm formation: A prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Banu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australas. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-015-0401-3","article-title":"Polymicrobial biofilms by diabetic foot clinical isolates","volume":"61","author":"Mottola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00084-16","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00084-16","article-title":"Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"31","author":"Magana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulton, A.J., Armstrong, D.G., Hardman, M.J., Malone, M., Embil, J.M., Attinger, C.E., Lipsky, B.A., Arag\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez, J., Li, H.K., and Schultz, G. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Infections, American Diabetes Association.","DOI":"10.2337\/db2020-01"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21011","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"44","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.033","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infection: Recent developments in diagnosis and management","volume":"61","author":"Cataldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000168","article-title":"Epidemiology and New Developments in the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"35","author":"Corvec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.028712-0","article-title":"Detection and identification of specific bacteria in wound biofilms using peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (PNA FISH)","volume":"155","author":"Malic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.05.010","article-title":"Analysis of the distribution of bacteria within urinary catheter biofilms using four different molecular techniques","volume":"40","author":"Choe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.149","article-title":"Biofilm-based infections in long-term care facilities","volume":"9","author":"Donelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12590","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the identification and treatment of biofilms in chronic nonhealing wounds","volume":"25","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2014.23.3.137","article-title":"A clinical algorithm for wound biofilm identification","volume":"23","author":"Metcalf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0574","article-title":"Biofilms and Wounds: An Identification Algorithm and Potential Treatment Options","volume":"4","author":"Percival","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002679","article-title":"Update on the Role of Infection and Biofilms in Wound Healing","volume":"138","author":"Gompelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"279","article-title":"Current health and economic burden of chronic diabetic osteomyelitis","volume":"19","author":"Geraghty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharm. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0519-6","article-title":"Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Efficacy of DispersinB\u00ae-KSL-W Peptide-Based Wound Gel Against Chronic Wound Infection Associated Bacteria","volume":"68","author":"Gawande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01915","article-title":"Turning a Collagenesis-Inducing Peptide Into a Potent Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agent Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13080","article-title":"Cadexomer iodine effectively reduces bacterial biofilm in porcine wounds ex vivo and in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Roche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103658","article-title":"Lutein: A potential antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing molecule from green microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa","volume":"135","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M., Rogers, J.C., Badham, M.A., Cadenas, L., Brightwell, E., Adams, J., Tyler, C., Sebahar, P.R., Haussener, T.J., and Reddy, H.R.K. (2020). Examination of a first-in-class bis-dialkylnorspermidine-terphenyl antibiotic in topical formulation against mono and polymicrobial biofilms. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.04.133934"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100381","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of Ya-Samarn-Phlae (YaSP): A pilot study on diabetic patients with chronic ulcers","volume":"23","author":"Sanpinit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Peirone, C., Amaral, J.S., Capita, R., Alonso-Calleja, C., Marques-Magallanes, J.A., Martins, \u00c2., Carvalho, \u00c1., Maltez, L., and Pereira, J.E. (2020). High Efficacy of Ozonated Oils on the Removal of Biofilms Produced by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163601"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"1","article-title":"dPABBs: A Novel in silico Approach for Predicting and Designing Anti-biofilm Peptides","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-114","article-title":"Natural and synthetic cathelicidin peptides with anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S94505","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and therapeutic efficacy of Fl-PRPRPL-5, a cationic amphiphilic polyproline helix, in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infection","volume":"ume 9","author":"Seleem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.016","article-title":"Anti-biofilm peptides as a new weapon in antimicrobial warfare","volume":"33","author":"Pletzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516679973","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance","volume":"96","author":"Bechinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.12.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides as potential anti-biofilm agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan4044","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan4044","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 combats drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms","volume":"10","author":"Riool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.K., Kang, N.H., Ko, S.J., Park, J., Park, E., Shin, D.W., Kim, S.H., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.I., and Ha, E.G. (2018). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity and Mode of Action of Magainin 2 against Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103041"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.027","article-title":"Polymicrobial antibiofilm activity of the membranotropic peptide gH625 and its analogue","volume":"125","author":"Lombardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19434-7","article-title":"Mechanisms driving the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of Hp1404 and its analogue peptides against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galdiero, E., Lombardi, L., Falanga, A., Libralato, G., Guida, M., and Carotenuto, R. (2019). Biofilms: Novel Strategies Based on Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070322"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, D., Santos, R., Soares, R.S., Reis, S., Carvalho, S., Rego, P., Peleteiro, M.C., Tavares, L., and Oliveira, M. (2020). Pexiganan in Combination with Nisin to Control Polymicrobial Diabetic Foot Infections. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030128"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Willcox, M.D.P., and Dutta, D. (2018). Action of Antimicrobial Peptides against Bacterial Biofilms. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122468"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33016-7","article-title":"Activity of a novel antimicrobial peptide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"8","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00318-08","article-title":"Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Prevents Bacterial Biofilm Formation","volume":"76","author":"Overhage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00064-12","article-title":"Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility by a Small Synthetic Cationic Peptide","volume":"56","author":"Korolik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"552","article-title":"A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development","volume":"417","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.275","article-title":"Microbial motility involvement in biofilm structure formation\u2014A 3D modelling study","volume":"55","author":"Picioreanu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.11.006","article-title":"New horizons for (p)ppGpp in bacterial and plant physiology","volume":"14","author":"Braeken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162903","article-title":"(p)ppGpp: Still Magical?","volume":"62","author":"Potrykus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05191.x","article-title":"(p)ppGpp regulates type 1 fimbriation of Escherichia coli by modulating the expression of the site-specific recombinase FimB","volume":"60","author":"Aberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.01.002","article-title":"D-Enantiomeric Peptides that Eradicate Wild-Type and Multidrug-Resistant Biofilms and Protect against Lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections","volume":"22","author":"Reffuveille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Fuente-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, C., Reffuveille, F., Haney, E.F., Straus, S., and Hancock, R. (2014). Broad-Spectrum Anti-biofilm Peptide That Targets a Cellular Stress Response. PLOS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004152"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00092-15","article-title":"Antibiofilm Peptides Increase the Susceptibility of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates to \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics","volume":"59","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03163-14","article-title":"A Broad-Spectrum Antibiofilm Peptide Enhances Antibiotic Action against Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"58","author":"Reffuveille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-012-0127-2","article-title":"Effect of a Novel Podophage AB7-IBB2 on Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm","volume":"65","author":"Thawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01789-14","article-title":"Combined Use of Bacteriophage K and a Novel Bacteriophage To Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation","volume":"80","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.071753-0","article-title":"In vitro design of a novel lytic bacteriophage cocktail with therapeutic potential against organisms causing diabetic foot infections","volume":"63","author":"Mendes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0104","article-title":"Potential of a lytic bacteriophage to disrupt Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.032","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage and its potential to disrupt multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"128","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-019-00192-3","article-title":"Bacteriophages and Lysins in Biofilm Control","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.1.14942","article-title":"Phages in nature","volume":"1","author":"Clokie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3030270","article-title":"Bacteriophages and Biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Harper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02127","article-title":"Bacteriophage ZCKP1: A Potential Treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From Diabetic Foot Patients","volume":"9","author":"Taha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.09.004","article-title":"Phage therapy as an alternative or complementary strategy to prevent and control biofilm-related infections","volume":"39","author":"Pires","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12316","article-title":"A novel bacteriophage cocktail reduces and disperses Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under static and flow conditions","volume":"9","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2011.631169","article-title":"Characterization of induced Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage SAP-26 and its anti-biofilm activity with rifampicin","volume":"27","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry, W.N., Concepci\u00f3n-Acevedo, J., Park, T., Andleeb, S., Bull, J.J., and Levin, B.R. (2017). Synergy and Order Effects of Antibiotics and Phages in Killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168615"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akturk, E., Oliveira, H., Santos, S.B., Costa, S., Kuyumcu, S., Melo, L.D.R., and Azeredo, J. (2019). Synergistic Action of Phage and Antibiotics: Parameters to Enhance the Killing Efficacy Against Mono and Dual-Species Biofilms. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030103"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, A., Abreu, A.C., Dias, C., Saavedra, M.J., Borges, F., and Sim\u00f5es, M. (2016). New Perspectives on the Use of Phytochemicals as an Emergent Strategy to Control Bacterial Infections Including Biofilms. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070877"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.01.015","article-title":"The action of selected isothiocyanates on bacterial biofilm prevention and control","volume":"86","author":"Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1340282","article-title":"The effects of selected phytochemicals on biofilm formed by five methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"32","author":"Kot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13129","article-title":"Anti-biofilm and cytoprotective activities of quercetin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates","volume":"68","author":"Vipin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1039\/b821648g","article-title":"Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms","volume":"26","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np20035j","article-title":"Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents","volume":"29","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666150530210522","article-title":"Insights on antimicrobial resistance, biofilms and the use of phytochemicals as new antimicrobial agents","volume":"22","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.706751","article-title":"The activity of ferulic and gallic acids in biofilm prevention and control of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Borges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020473","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Their Biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Monte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13073","article-title":"Quercetin is an effective inhibitor of quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"120","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2005.05.002","article-title":"Comparison of silver-coated dressing (Acticoat\u2122), chlorhexidine acetate 0.5% (Bactigrass\u00ae), and fusidic acid 2% (Fucidin\u00ae) for topical antibacterial effect in methicillin-resistant Staphylococci-contaminated, full-skin thickness rat burn wounds","volume":"31","author":"Oncul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000225439.39352.ce","article-title":"Effect of Different Wound Dressings on Cell Viability and Proliferation","volume":"117","author":"Nasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buch, P.J., Chai, Y., and Goluch, E.D. (2019). Treating Polymicrobial Infections in Chronic Diabetic Wounds. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 32.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00091-18"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.04.007","article-title":"Biofilms and antibiotic therapy: Is there a role for combating bacterial resistance by the use of novel drug delivery systems?","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/150653","article-title":"Innovative Strategies to Overcome Biofilm Resistance","volume":"2013","author":"Taraszkiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140905123529","article-title":"Strategies for Antimicrobial Drug Delivery to Biofilm","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2018.1563686","article-title":"Biofilm inhibition and anti-quorum sensing activity of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles against the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"35","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01143","article-title":"Anti-biofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Reducing Activity of Phytoconstituents Present in the Indian Medicinal Plants","volume":"11","author":"Mohanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.794225","article-title":"Anti-biofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against different microorganisms","volume":"29","author":"Boegli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111256","article-title":"Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles: Discovery of antibacterial targets against diabetic foot ulcer derived resistant bacterial isolates","volume":"117","author":"Appapalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.012","article-title":"Sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy: First steps towards a sound approach for microbe inactivation","volume":"150","author":"Serpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150942","article-title":"New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"473","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with RLP068 for diabetic foot ulcers: A review of the literature and clinical experience","volume":"9","author":"Adamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.811861","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of biofilm: Taking a lightly colored approach to stubborn infection","volume":"11","author":"Avci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20417","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160920417","article-title":"Photodynamic and Antibiotic Therapy in Combination to Fight Biofilms and Resistant Surface Bacterial Infections","volume":"16","author":"Barra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.038","article-title":"The effect of photodynamic treatment combined with antibiotic action or host defence mechanisms on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"30","author":"Sbarra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/2071391a0","article-title":"Effect of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate on the Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Antibacterial Agents","volume":"207","author":"Brown","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03814.x","article-title":"Photosensitizing activity of water- and lipid-soluble phthalocyanines on Escherichia coli","volume":"71","author":"Bertoloni","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0577","article-title":"EDTA: An Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agent for Use in Wound Care","volume":"4","author":"Finnegan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/8278\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:38:36Z","timestamp":1760164716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/8278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22158278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22158278","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}}}