{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:28:07Z","timestamp":1774632487731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BEX-BID\/1411\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BEX-BID\/1411\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zebrafish is a vertebrate teleost widely used in many areas of research. As embryos, they develop quickly and provide unique opportunities for research studies owing to their transparency for at least 48 h post fertilization. Zebrafish have many ciliated organs that include primary cilia as well as motile cilia. Using zebrafish as an animal model helps to better understand human diseases such as Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), an autosomal recessive disorder that affects cilia motility, currently associated with more than 50 genes. The aim of this study was to validate zebrafish motile cilia, both in mono and multiciliated cells, as organelles for PCD research. For this purpose, we obtained systematic high-resolution data in both the olfactory pit (OP) and the left\u2013right organizer (LRO), a superficial organ and a deep organ embedded in the tail of the embryo, respectively. For the analysis of their axonemal ciliary structure, we used conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography (ET). We characterised the wild-type OP cilia and showed, for the first time in zebrafish, the presence of motile cilia (9 + 2) in the periphery of the pit and the presence of immotile cilia (still 9 + 2), with absent outer dynein arms, in the centre of the pit. In addition, we reported that a central pair of microtubules in the LRO motile cilia is common in zebrafish, contrary to mouse embryos, but it is not observed in all LRO cilia from the same embryo. We further showed that the outer dynein arms of the microtubular doublet of both the OP and LRO cilia are structurally similar in dimensions to the human respiratory cilia at the resolution of TEM and ET. We conclude that zebrafish is a good model organism for PCD research but investigators need to be aware of the specific physical differences to correctly interpret their results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1628066872000},"page":"8361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Zebrafish Motile Cilia as a Model for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia L.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Rasteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Bota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8428-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Burgoyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK"}]},{"given":"Susana S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua C\u00e2mara Pestana n\u00ba 6, 6-A, Edif\u00edcio CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128618","article-title":"The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography","volume":"313","author":"Nicastro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a028076","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028076","article-title":"Axoneme structure from motile cilia","volume":"9","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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