{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T05:55:24Z","timestamp":1777182924536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bionanocomposite materials have been designed as a promising route to enhance biopolymer properties, especially for food packaging application. The present study reports the preparation of bionanocomposite films of alginate with different loadings of pure reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or of mixed zinc oxide-rGO (ZnO-rGO) fillers by solvent casting. Sepiolite is used to make compatible rGO with the hydrophilic matrix. The addition of fillers to alginate matrix maintains the low water solubility promoted by the calcium chloride treatment, and, additionally, they demonstrate a weaker mechanical properties, and a slight increase in water vapor permeability and wettability. Due to the properties of ZnO-rGO, the alginate bionanocomposites show an increase of electrical conductivity with the increase of filler content. While the highest electrical conductivity (0.1 S\/m) is achieved by the in-plane measurement, it is in the through-plane measurement the remarkable enhancement of almost 30 times greater than the alginate film. With 50% of ZnO-rGO filler, the bionanocomposites present the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The combination of electrical conductivity with bioactive properties makes these films promising not only to extend food shelf-life but also to allow packaged food sterilization at low temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T23:34:11Z","timestamp":1631662451000},"page":"9943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Design of Alginate-Based Bionanocomposites with Electrical Conductivity for Active Food Packaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, i3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Mendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(99)00032-1","article-title":"Developments in the active packaging of foods","volume":"10","author":"Vermeiren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008","article-title":"Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications","volume":"38","author":"Rhim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural additives and agricultural wastes in biopolymer formulations for food packaging","volume":"2","author":"Mellinas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.500508","article-title":"Recent Advances in Biopolymers and Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Materials","volume":"52","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.102","article-title":"Polysaccharide based bionanocomposites, properties and applications: A review","volume":"92","author":"Zafar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7697031","article-title":"Alginate: Current use and future perspectives in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications","volume":"2016","author":"Szekalska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-018-0363-1","article-title":"Garlic Oil Nanoemulsions Hybridized in Calcium Alginate Microcapsules for Functional Bread","volume":"8","author":"Narsaiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.10.074","article-title":"Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans","volume":"137","author":"Shekarchizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontominas, M.G. (2020). Use of alginates as food packaging materials. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101440"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01456.x","article-title":"Review: Nanocomposites in food packaging","volume":"75","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390600846366","article-title":"Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications","volume":"47","author":"Rhim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2018.1439560","article-title":"Calotropis gigantea fibers: A potential reinforcement for polymer matrices","volume":"23","author":"Ganeshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.02.006","article-title":"Comparing physico-mechanical and thermal properties of alginate nanocomposite films reinforced with organic and\/or inorganic nanofillers","volume":"32","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"271","article-title":"Alginate based sustainable films and composites for packaging: A review","volume":"83","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.016","article-title":"Reducing water sensitivity of alginate bio-nanocomposite film using cellulose nanoparticles","volume":"54","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Liu, H., Yang, S., Zeng, J., and Wu, Z. (2019). Sodium alginate-based green packaging films functionalized by guava leaf extracts and and their bioactivities. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12182923"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alc\u00e2ntara, A.C.S., Darder, M., Aranda, P., and Ruiz-hitzky, E. (2012). Zein\u2013Fibrous Clays Biohybrid Materials. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 5216\u20135224.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201200582"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.05.115","article-title":"ZnO and ZnO\/CaO nanoparticles in alginate films. Synthesis, mechanical characterization, barrier properties and release kinetics","volume":"112","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43489","article-title":"Preparation and property investigation of crosslinked alginate\/silicon dioxide nanocomposite films","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S., Wang, Z., Li, P., Li, W., Li, C., Wang, Y., and Chu, P.K. (2018). Degradable and photocatalytic antibacterial Au-TiO2\/sodium alginate nanocomposite films for active food packaging. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8110930"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.01.065","article-title":"Sodium alginate\/graphene oxide composite films with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties","volume":"94","author":"Ionita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.104","article-title":"Effects of surface functionalized graphene oxide on the behavior of sodium alginate","volume":"117","author":"Nie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201600154","article-title":"Water sorption and diffusion in (reduced) graphene oxide-alginate biopolymer nanocomposites","volume":"301","author":"Vilcinskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibodeau, J., and Ignaszak, A. (2020). Flexible Electrode Based on MWCNT Embedded in a Cross-Linked Acrylamide\/Alginate Blend: Conductivity vs. Stretching. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010181"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.01.027","article-title":"Eco-friendly preparation of electrically conductive chitosan-reduced graphene oxide flexible bionanocomposites for food packaging and biological applications","volume":"173","author":"Barra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.026","article-title":"Alginate-based nanocomposite films reinforced with halloysite nanotubes functionalized by alkali treatment and zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Shankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.09.065","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded active packaging, a challenge study against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in ready- to-eat poultry meat","volume":"38","author":"Akbar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11324","article-title":"A Facile and straightforward strategy to decorate ZnO nanoparticles on graphene surface: Antimicrobial property","volume":"16","author":"Haldorai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baali, N., Khecha, A., Bensouici, A., Speranza, G., and Hamdouni, N. (2019). Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Pure Graphene Oxide (GO) and ZnO-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Using DPPH Radical and H2O2 Scavenging Assays. C\u2014J. Carbon Res., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/c5040075"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.01.009","article-title":"Assessment of the toxic potential of graphene family nanomaterials","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0206-9","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide: Nanotoxicological profile in rats","volume":"14","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616888","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.616888","article-title":"Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Exhibit Cardiotoxicity Through the Regulation of Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2010.10.001","article-title":"Selective toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward Gram-positive bacteria and cancer cells by apoptosis through lipid peroxidation","volume":"7","author":"Premanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2018.02.002","article-title":"Extruded hybrids based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and reduced graphene oxide composite for active food packaging","volume":"16","author":"Paschoalin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2010.01.005","article-title":"Conductive plastic film electrodes for Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) treatment\u2014A proof of principle","volume":"11","author":"Roodenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2966","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13542","article-title":"Ohmic Heating of an Electrically Conductive Food Package","volume":"81","author":"Kanogchaipramot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra46342g","article-title":"Dispersion of rGO in polymeric matrices by thermodynamically favorable self-assembly of GO at oil\u2013water interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01029d","article-title":"Stable dispersions of reduced graphene oxide in ionic liquids","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7394","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201603103","article-title":"Clay-Graphene Nanoplatelets Functional Conducting Composites","volume":"26","author":"Sobral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.02.009","article-title":"Assembling nanotubes and nanofibres: Cooperativeness in sepiolite\u2013carbon nanotube materials","volume":"72","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.03.014","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of alginate-based films: Effect of ionic crosslinking and mannuronic and guluronic acid ratio","volume":"81","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tummino, M.L., Magnacca, G., Cimino, D., Laurenti, E., and Nistic\u00f2, R. (2020). The innovation comes from the sea: Chitosan and alginate hybrid gels and films as sustainable materials for wastewater remediation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020550"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150002","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5005764","article-title":"Comparison on graphite, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"1892","author":"Hidayah","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1021\/jp109597n","article-title":"Zinc oxide\/reduced graphene oxide composites and electrochemical capacitance enhanced by homogeneous incorporation of reduced graphene oxide sheets in zinc oxide matrix","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.02.131","article-title":"Hydrothermal preparation of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid with high performance in photocatalytic degradation","volume":"258","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23502","article-title":"Facile Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Alginate\/Graphite Conductive Composite Hydrogel","volume":"37","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.187401","article-title":"Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers","volume":"97","author":"Ferrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.46","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.08.159","article-title":"Oriented growth of ZnO nanostructures on different substrates via a hydrothermal method","volume":"489","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Raman study of insulating and conductive ZnO:(Al, Mn) thin films","volume":"212","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2008.10.016","article-title":"Photoluminescence and Raman scattering of ZnO nanorods","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.004291","article-title":"Polarized second-harmonic generation optical microscopy for laser-directed assembly of ZnO nanowires","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45754","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45754","article-title":"Effect of Ca2+ induced crosslinking on the mechanical and barrier properties of cast alginate films","volume":"135","author":"Jost","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"25","article-title":"Properties of Chitosan-Genipin films grafted with phenolic compounds from red wine","volume":"7","author":"Nunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.07.032","article-title":"Influence of grape pomace extract incorporation on chitosan films properties","volume":"113","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60294","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA06488K","article-title":"Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)\/ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA)\/sepiolite nanocomposite via a facile one-step covalent modification technique","volume":"5","author":"Bhagabati","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.05.076","article-title":"Chitosan and graphene oxide\/reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposites \u2013 Evaluation of physicochemical properties","volume":"216","author":"Kosowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.09.034","article-title":"Effects of ionic crosslinking on physical and mechanical properties of alginate mulching films","volume":"136","author":"Liling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of Concentration of ZnO Nanoparticles on Mechanical, Optical, Thermal, and Antimicrobial Properties of Gelatin\/ZnO Nanocomposite Films","volume":"20","author":"Shankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Packag. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2003.09.008","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of water resistant sodium alginate films","volume":"37","author":"Rhim","year":"2004","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.02.007","article-title":"Properties and characterization of bionanocomposite films prepared with various biopolymers and ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"106","author":"Kanmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.103","article-title":"A detailed investigation of the effect of calcium crosslinking and glycerol plasticizing on the physical properties of alginate films","volume":"148","author":"Giz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12709","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm30590a","article-title":"Self-alignment and high electrical conductivity of ultralarge graphene oxide-polyurethane nanocomposites","volume":"22","author":"Yousefi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201403172","article-title":"Das Facile synthesis of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for NO2 gas sensing applications","volume":"2015","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, F., He, G., Hao, M., and Zhang, G. (2018). Enhancing the mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-based conductive nanocomposites by zinc oxide nanorods. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112139"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.109308","article-title":"Conductive polymeric film loaded with ibuprofen as a wound dressing material","volume":"121","author":"Aycan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"E236","article-title":"Composition Dependent Properties of Graphene (Oxide)-Alginate Biopolymer Nanocomposites","volume":"39","author":"Vilcinskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.048","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by aqueous and polyol method","volume":"119","author":"Soren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2013.10.008","article-title":"Advances in antioxidant active food packaging","volume":"35","author":"Gavara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1006368","article-title":"Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide","volume":"4","author":"Marcano","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.04.061","article-title":"Highly efficient preparation of ZnO nanorods decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites","volume":"80","author":"Marlinda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/18\/9943\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:45Z","timestamp":1760166165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/18\/9943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22189943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22189943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}}}