{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:07:33Z","timestamp":1773364053351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKFIH K-128250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K-128250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKFIH PD-131689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH PD-131689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union and the European Social Fund","award":["EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00022"]}]},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["bo_39_19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["bo_39_19"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology","award":["\u00daNKP-20-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-20-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chemical milieu, microbiota composition, and immune activity show prominent differences in distinct healthy skin areas. The objective of the current study was to compare the major permeability barrier components (stratum corneum and tight junction (TJ)), investigate the distribution of (corneo)desmosomes and TJs, and measure barrier function in healthy sebaceous gland-rich (SGR), apocrine gland-rich (AGR), and gland-poor (GP) skin regions. Molecules involved in cornified envelope (CE) formation, desquamation, and (corneo)desmosome and TJ organization were investigated at the mRNA and protein levels using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The distribution of junction structures was visualized using confocal microscopy. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) functional measurements were also performed. CE intracellular structural components were similarly expressed in gland-rich (SGR and AGR) and GP areas. In contrast, significantly lower extracellular protein levels of (corneo)desmosomes (DSG1 and CDSN) and TJs (OCLN and CLDN1) were detected in SGR\/AGR areas compared to GP areas. In parallel, kallikrein proteases were significantly higher in gland-rich regions. Moreover, gland-rich areas were characterized by prominently disorganized junction structures ((corneo)desmosomes and TJs) and significantly higher TEWL levels compared to GP skin, which exhibited a regular distribution of junction structures. According to our findings, the permeability barrier of our skin is not uniform. Gland-rich areas are characterized by weaker permeability barrier features compared with GP regions. These findings have important clinical relevance and may explain the preferred localization of acantholytic skin diseases on gland-rich skin regions (e.g., Pemphigus foliaceus, Darier\u2019s disease, and Hailey\u2013Hailey disease).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T21:40:30Z","timestamp":1632778830000},"page":"10428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Regional Differences in the Permeability Barrier of the Skin\u2014Implications in Acantholytic Skin Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anik\u00f3","family":"Kapit\u00e1ny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Medgyesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Gyula Petr\u00e1nyi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn","family":"Jenei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Gyula Petr\u00e1nyi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Somogyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Gyula Petr\u00e1nyi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Lilla","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Gyula Petr\u00e1nyi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"G\u00e1sp\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"M\u00e9hes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Hendrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"D\u00f3cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Sz\u00fccs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Dajnoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Szegedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424409112","article-title":"Molecular cartography of the human skin surface in 3D","volume":"112","author":"Bouslimani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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