{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:26:23Z","timestamp":1769603183232,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Brain Research Program","award":["KTIA_NAP_13-2-2014-0005 and 2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTIA_NAP_13-2-2014-0005 and 2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our earlier findings revealed that interleukin-1 receptor type-1 (IL-1R1) was overexpressed in spinal neurons, and IL-1R1-deficient mice showed significant attenuation of thermal and mechanical allodynia during the course of the Complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced persistent pain model. In the present study, we found that a ligand of IL-1R1, termed interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), is also significantly overexpressed at the peak of mechanical pain sensitivity in the CFA-evoked pain model. Analysis of cellular distribution and modeling using IMARIS software showed that in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn, IL-1\u03b2 is significantly elevated by astrocytic expression. Maturation of IL-1\u03b2 to its active form is facilitated by the formation of the multiprotein complex called inflammasome; thus, we tested the expression of NOD-like receptor proteins (NLRPs) in astrocytes. At the peak of mechanical allodynia, we found expression of the NLRP2 inflammasome sensor and its significantly elevated co-localization with the GFAP astrocytic marker, while NLRP3 was moderately present and NLRP1 showed total segregation from the astrocytic profiles. Our results indicate that peripheral CFA injection induces NLRP2 inflammasome and IL-1\u03b2 expression in spinal astrocytes. The release of mature IL-1\u03b2 can contribute to the maintenance of persistent pain by acting on its neuronally expressed receptor, which can lead to altered neuronal excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T09:18:09Z","timestamp":1634894289000},"page":"11408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["NLRP2 Is Overexpressed in Spinal Astrocytes at the Peak of Mechanical Pain Sensitivity during Complete Freund Adjuvant-Induced Persistent Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2753-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Ducza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Sz\u00fccs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Heged\u0171s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Erzs\u00e9bet","family":"Bakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gajtk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"W\u00e9ber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5858-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krisztina","family":"Holl\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1201534","article-title":"Measuring the global burden of disease","volume":"369","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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