{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:44:56Z","timestamp":1774935896586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIRCNA\/BRB\/0281\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIRCNA\/BRB\/0281\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135073\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135073\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topical and transdermal delivery systems are of undeniable significance and ubiquity in healthcare, to facilitate the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients, respectively, onto or across the skin to enter systemic circulation. From ancient ointments and potions to modern micro\/nanotechnological devices, a variety of approaches has been explored over the ages to improve the skin permeation of diverse medicines and cosmetics. Amongst the latest investigational dermal permeation enhancers, ionic liquids have been gaining momentum, and recent years have been prolific in this regard. As such, this review offers an outline of current methods for enhancing percutaneous permeation, highlighting selected reports where ionic liquid-based approaches have been investigated for this purpose. Future perspectives on use of ionic liquids for topical delivery of bioactive peptides are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T10:33:09Z","timestamp":1636108389000},"page":"11991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Emerging Role of Ionic Liquid-Based Approaches for Enhanced Skin Permeation of Bioactive Molecules: A Snapshot of the Past Couple of Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas e das Biomol\u00e9culas, CISA, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201816666190201143457","article-title":"Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: From Simple Potions to Smart Technologies","volume":"16","author":"Benson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2020.1832081","article-title":"Modeling drug transport within the viable skin\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Calcutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0075","article-title":"Potential enhancement and targeting strategies of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers in dermal drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Kahraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R., Silva, S.G., Pinheiro, M., Reis, S., and Vale, M.L. (2021). Current Status of Amino Acid-Based Permeation Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11050343"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadon, D., McCrudden, M.T.C., Courtenay, A.J., and Donnelly, R.F. (2021). Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: Current trends and applications. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., 1\u201334.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00909-6"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.06.019","article-title":"Dermal and transdermal delivery of pharmaceutically relevant macromolecules","volume":"119","author":"Wohlrab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.646554","article-title":"Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Municoy, S., Alvarez Echazu, M.I., Antezana, P.E., Galdoporpora, J.M., Olivetti, C., Mebert, A.M., Foglia, M.L., Tuttolomondo, M.V., Alvarez, G.S., and Hardy, J.G. (2020). Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134724"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-020-0058-7","article-title":"Transdermal delivery systems in cosmetics","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37900-0","article-title":"Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers on Skin Permeability: In silico screening using Molecular Dynamics simulations","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, T.P., Ghori, M.U., and Conway, B.R. (2021). Topical Antiseptic Formulations for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040558"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, R., Teixeira, C., Gomes, P., and Prud\u00eancio, C. (2018). Chapter 16: Bioactivity of Ionic Liquids. Ionic Liquid Devices, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788011839-00404"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.09.007","article-title":"Delivery of ionizable hydrophilic drugs based on pharmaceutical formulation of ion pairs and ionic liquids","volume":"156","author":"Gamboa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100215","article-title":"Surfing the Third Wave of Ionic Liquids: A Brief Review on the Role of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids in Drug Development and Delivery","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901103","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901103","article-title":"Design Principles of Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Tanner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32783-7","article-title":"Non-invasive nanosecond electroporation for biocontrol of surface infections: An in vivo study","volume":"8","author":"Novickij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novickij, V., Lastauskien\u0117, E., Staigvila, G., Girkontait\u0117, I., Zinkevi\u010dien\u0117, A., \u0160vedien\u0117, J., Pa\u0161kevi\u010dius, A., Markovskaja, S., and Novickij, J. (2019). Low concentrations of acetic and formic acids enhance the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with pulsed electric fields. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1447-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/bioe.2020.0015","article-title":"Differential Cell Death and Regrowth of Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes After Application of Pulsed Electric Fields","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectricity"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119584","article-title":"Iontophoretic skin delivery systems: Success and failures","volume":"586","author":"Bakshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1889719","article-title":"Transdermal iontophoresis delivery system for terazosin hydrochloride: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Iontophoresis of Treprostinil to Enhance Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Skin Ulcers. Available online: https:\/\/www.smartpatients.com\/trials\/NCT03654989."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26702-z","article-title":"Ultrasound-Mediated EGF-Coated-Microbubble Cavitation in Dressings for Wound-Healing Applications","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4040","article-title":"Low-frequency ultrasound enhances vascular endothelial growth factor expression, thereby promoting the wound healing in diabetic rats","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-020-09460-2","article-title":"Microneedle Array: Applications, Recent Advances, and Clinical Pertinence in Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"16","author":"Halder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Innov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02844-6","article-title":"Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Protein, Peptide and Antibody Based Therapeutics: Current Status and Future Considerations","volume":"37","author":"Kirkby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab6d37","article-title":"Geometrical optimisation of a personalised microneedle eye patch for transdermal delivery of anti-wrinkle small peptide","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1819787","article-title":"Microneedle arrays for the treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"17","author":"Barnum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70186-9","article-title":"Manuka honey microneedles for enhanced wound healing and the prevention and\/or treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surgical site infection","volume":"10","author":"Frydman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2017.1369173","article-title":"Progress on utilizing hyperthermia for mitigating bacterial infections","volume":"34","author":"Ibelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24837-7","article-title":"Nano-Photothermal ablation effect of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Functionalized Gold Nanorods on Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1707886","article-title":"Mild magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia enhances the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm to antibiotics","volume":"37","author":"Alumutairi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2019.100049","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy: New trends in wound healing applications","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23213","article-title":"Wound Healing Process after Thermomechanical Skin Ablation","volume":"52","author":"Kokolakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b21766","article-title":"Laser-Activatable CuS Nanodots to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Release Copper Ion to Accelerate Healing of Infected Chronic Nonhealing Wounds","volume":"11","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1309-z","article-title":"Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery by Sonophoresis and Simultaneous Application of Sonophoresis and Iontophoresis","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00823-3","article-title":"Enhancement of skin permeability with thermal ablation techniques: Concept to commercial products","volume":"11","author":"Parhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.049","article-title":"Nanoemulsion as pharmaceutical carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: Formulation development, stability issues, basic considerations and applications","volume":"270","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaker, D.S., Ishak, R.A.H., Ghoneim, A., and Elhuoni, M.A. (2019). Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs. Sci. Pharm., 87.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm87030017"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1879314","article-title":"Development, optimization and characterization of nanoemulsion loaded with clove oil-naftifine antifungal for the management of tinea","volume":"28","author":"Alghaith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2018.10.037","article-title":"Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"155","article-title":"Vesicular Nanocarriers: A Potential Platform for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Yata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanopharmaceuticals: Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-021-00226-6","article-title":"Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000264","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.202000264","article-title":"Lipid Based Nanocarriers: Promising Drug Delivery System for Topical Application","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Meng, X., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Recent Progress in Transdermal Nanocarriers and Their Surface Modifications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113093"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00219","article-title":"Lipid-based nano-delivery systems for skin delivery of drugs and bioactives","volume":"6","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab082","article-title":"Vesicular drug delivery for the treatment of topical disorders: Current and future perspectives","volume":"73","author":"Witika","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119398","article-title":"What\u2019s new in the field of phospholipid vesicular nanocarriers for skin drug delivery","volume":"583","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03053-5","article-title":"Ethosomes as Nanocarriers for the Development of Skin Delivery Formulations","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opatha, S.A., Titapiwatanakun, V., and Chutoprapat, R. (2020). Transfersomes: A Promising Nanoencapsulation Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090855"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00117-y","article-title":"Recent advances of non-ionic surfactant-based nano-vesicles (niosomes and proniosomes): A brief review of these in enhancing transdermal delivery of drug","volume":"6","author":"Durga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v11i1.4479","article-title":"Niosomes: A Novel Carrier Drug Delivery System","volume":"11","author":"Kauslya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6687290","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6687290","article-title":"Current Research on Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Dawadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2019.1684940","article-title":"Development of tizanidine loaded aspasomes as transdermal delivery system: Ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation","volume":"31","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoabi, A., Touitou, E., and Margulis, K. (2021). Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. J. Colloid Interface, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids5010018"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c01196","article-title":"Probing and Tuning the Permeability of Polymersomes","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Nigro, F., Cerqueira Pinto, C.d.S., dos Santos, E.P., and Mansur, C.R.E. (2020). Niosome-based hydrogel as a potential drug delivery system for topical and transdermal applications. Int. J. Polym. Mater., 1\u201318."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S228863","article-title":"Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin \u03b2-4","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00143-w","article-title":"Preparation and characterizations of glyceryl oleate ufasomes of terbinafine hydrochloride: A novel approach to trigger Candida albicans fungal infection","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0282-2","article-title":"Exosomes: Biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18965","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR03698F","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles derived from E. coli as novel vehicles for transdermal and tumor targeting delivery","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","article-title":"Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, C., Kiaie, S.H., Zolbanin, N.M., Lotfinejad, P., Ramezani, R., Kashanchi, F., and Jafari, R. (2021). Exosomes for mRNA delivery: A novel biotherapeutic strategy with hurdles and hope. BMC Biotechnol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-021-00683-w"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01368","article-title":"Sustained Delivery System for Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes","volume":"10","author":"Riau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105490","article-title":"The novel mechanisms and applications of exosomes in dermatology and cutaneous medical aesthetics","volume":"166","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, B.S., Lee, J., Won, Y., Duncan, D.I., Jin, R.C., Lee, J., Kwon, H.H., Park, G.-H., Yang, S.H., and Park, B.C. (2020). Skin Brightening Efficacy of Exosomes Derived from Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem\/Stromal Cells: A Prospective, Split-Face, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Cosmetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7040090"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-019-0178-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells-exosomes: A promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing and cutaneous regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba2735","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2735","article-title":"Engineering bacterial outer membrane vesicles as transdermal nanoplatforms for photo-TRAIL\u2013programmed therapy against melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8804","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00304","article-title":"Green Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery Assemblies","volume":"4","author":"Kanwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-019-02017-9","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Emerging Lipid Based Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"53","author":"Shirodkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580118","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.580118","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for Bioactive Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Dhiman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"319","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects","volume":"7","author":"Montoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1727883","article-title":"SLN and NLC for topical, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Souto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khater, D., Nsairat, H., Odeh, F., Saleh, M., Jaber, A., Alshaer, W., Al Bawab, A., and Mubarak, M.S. (2021). Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Effective Dermal and Transdermal Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8020039"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0514-y","article-title":"Nano-drug delivery systems in wound treatment and skin regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matei, A.-M., Caruntu, C., Tampa, M., Georgescu, S.R., Matei, C., Constantin, M.M., Constantin, T.V., Calina, D., Ciubotaru, D.A., and Badarau, I.A. (2021). Applications of Nanosized-Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Wound Care. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114915"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200417144530","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles as a Skin Wound Healing Drug Delivery System: Discoveries and Advances","volume":"26","author":"Sales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.01.008","article-title":"Chamomile oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: A naturally formulated remedy to enhance the wound healing","volume":"50","author":"Gad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S152529","article-title":"Essential oil-loaded lipid nanoparticles for wound healing","volume":"13","author":"Saporito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.05.012","article-title":"Exploitation of traditional healing properties, using the nanotechnology\u2019s advantages: The case of curcumin","volume":"8","author":"Liakopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00921-w","article-title":"Nano-fats for bugs: The benefits of lipid nanoparticles for antimicrobial therapy","volume":"11","author":"Thorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinilla, C.M., Lopes, N.A., and Brandelli, A. (2021). Lipid-Based Nanostructures for the Delivery of Natural Antimicrobials. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123587"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1843399","article-title":"Exploiting solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery against cutaneous fungal infections","volume":"47","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arana, L., Gallego, L., and Alkorta, I. (2021). Incorporation of Antibiotics into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance Emergence. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11051251"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120706","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based lipid systems applied to resistant bacterial control: A review of their use in the past two decades","volume":"603","author":"Marena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.687660","article-title":"Nanoantibiotics: Functions and Properties at the Nanoscale to Combat Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Mamun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sguizzato, M., Esposito, E., and Cortesi, R. (2021). Lipid-Based Nanosystems as a Tool to Overcome Skin Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158319"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33608","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA06120D","article-title":"Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus skin infection in vivo using rifampicin loaded lipid nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Walduck","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8844030","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8844030","article-title":"Dendrimers: A New Race of Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers","volume":"2021","author":"Mittal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-021-01925-2","article-title":"Applications of Dendrimers in Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Nikzamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A., Veiga, F., and Figueiras, A. (2020). Dendrimers as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Biomedical Applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010065"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.12.014","article-title":"Dendrimer-mediated permeation enhancement of chlorhexidine digluconate: Determination of in vitro skin permeability and visualisation of dermal distribution","volume":"159","author":"Kirkby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00933-6","article-title":"Dermal delivery and follicular targeting of adapalene using PAMAM dendrimers","volume":"11","author":"Boran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-020-00190-7","article-title":"Recent advances in polymeric drug delivery systems","volume":"24","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Gheluwe, L., Chourpa, I., Gaigne, C., and Munnier, E. (2021). Polymer-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Application and Demonstration of Stimuli-Responsiveness. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081285"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jana, S., and Jana, S. (2019). Transdermal Delivery of Chitosan-Based Systems. Functional Chitosan: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0263-7"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2021.1892742","article-title":"Dual loading of Nigella sativa oil-atorvastatin in chitosan\u2013carboxymethyl cellulose nanogel as a transdermal delivery system","volume":"47","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01933J","article-title":"Coaxial nanofibrous scaffolds mimicking the extracellular matrix transition in the wound healing process promoting skin regeneration through enhancing immunomodulation","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Sharma, C.P. (2020). 13\u2014Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Biointegration of Medical Implant Materials, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"32","article-title":"Inorganic nano-carriers based smart drug delivery systems for tumor therapy","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.9b00699","article-title":"Biodegradable Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics: Insights into the Degradation Behavior","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulin-Sarfraz, T., Kalantzopoulos, G.N., Kvalv\u00e5g Pettersen, M., Wold \u00c5sli, A., Tho, I., Axelsson, L., and Sarfraz, J. (2021). Inorganic Nanocarriers for Encapsulation of Natural Antimicrobial Compounds for Potential Food Packaging Application: A Comparative Study. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020379"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-021-00079-7","article-title":"Non-invasive transdermal delivery of chemotherapeutic molecules in vivo using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Raviraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spirescu, V.A., Chircov, C., Grumezescu, A.M., Vasile, B.\u0218., and Andronescu, E. (2021). Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094595"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94012-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of green synthesis silver nanoparticles targeting skin and soft tissue infectious agents","volume":"11","author":"Mussin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2021.649666","article-title":"Prediction of Skin Sensitization Potential of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Through the Human Cell Line Activation Test","volume":"3","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, F.A.L.S., Costa-Almeida, R., Timochenco, L., Amaral, S.I., Pinto, S., Gon\u00e7alves, I.C., Fernandes, J.R., Magalh\u00e3es, F.D., Sarmento, B., and Pinto, A.M. (2021). Graphene Oxide Topical Administration: Skin Permeability Studies. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0550.v1"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"262","article-title":"Graphene oxide-cellulose nanocomposite accelerates skin wound healing","volume":"137","author":"Soliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S304702","article-title":"PEGylated Graphene Oxide Carried OH-CATH30 to Accelerate the Healing of Infected Skin Wounds","volume":"16","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pormohammad, A., Monych, N.K., Ghosh, S., Turner, D.L., and Turner, R.J. (2021). Nanomaterials in Wound Healing and Infection Control. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050473"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01059","article-title":"Black Phosphorus-Loaded Separable Microneedles as Responsive Oxygen Delivery Carriers for Wound Healing","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00135C","article-title":"Nanoparticle-infused-biodegradable-microneedles as drug-delivery systems: Preparation and characterisation","volume":"2","author":"Sully","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120301","article-title":"3D printed microneedles for transdermal drug delivery: A brief review of two decades","volume":"597","author":"Elahpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragicevic, N., and Maibach, H.I. (2015). Chemical Penetration Enhancers: Classification and Mode of Action. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement: Modification of the Stratum Corneum, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47039-8"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.021","article-title":"Chemical Enhancer: A Simplistic Way to Modulate Barrier Function of the Stratum Corneum","volume":"8","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12234","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA01692F","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of the skin permeation enhancing effect of ethanol: A molecular dynamics study","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"439","article-title":"A Review on Role of Essential Oil as Penetration Enhancer in Transdermal Drug Delivery System","volume":"12","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasyuchenko, E.P., Orekhov, P.S., Armeev, G.A., and Bozdaganyan, M.E. (2021). CPE-DB: An Open Database of Chemical Penetration Enhancers. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010066"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0419-2","article-title":"Ionic liquids: A brief history","volume":"10","author":"Welton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814976115","article-title":"Is \u201ccholine and geranate\u201d an ionic liquid or deep eutectic solvent system?","volume":"115","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Tullo, A.H. (2021, September 15). The Time Is Now for Ionic Liquids. Available online: https:\/\/cen.acs.org\/materials\/ionic-liquids\/time-ionic-liquids\/98\/i5."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00246","article-title":"Introduction: Ionic Liquids","volume":"117","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedro, S.N., Freire, C.S.R., Silvestre, A.J.D., and Freire, M.G. (2021). Ionic Liquids in Drug Delivery. Encyclopedia, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1020027"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedro, S.N., Freire, C.S.R., Silvestre, A.J.D., and Freire, M.G. (2020). The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Pharmaceutical Field: An Overview of Relevant Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218298"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.T., Lobo, L., Oliveira, I.S., Gomes, J., Teixeira, C., Nogueira, F., Marques, E.F., Ferraz, R., and Gomes, P. (2020). Building on Surface-Active Ionic Liquids for the Rescuing of the Antimalarial Drug Chloroquine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155334"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667941","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.667941","article-title":"Scrutinizing Self-Assembly, Surface Activity and Aggregation Behavior of Mixtures of Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids and Surfactants: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"7520","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Topical Delivery in Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Cristina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidat, Z., Marimuthu, T., Kumar, P., du Toit, L.C., Kondiah, P.P.D., Choonara, Y.E., and Pillay, V. (2019). Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020096"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8116","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC02387F","article-title":"Biocompatible ionic liquids and their applications in pharmaceutics","volume":"22","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004257","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202004257","article-title":"Comparison of Ionic Liquids and Chemical Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.08.029","article-title":"Mechanistic study of transdermal delivery of macromolecules assisted by ionic liquids","volume":"311\u2013312","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.03.046","article-title":"Improved transdermal permeability of ibuprofen by ionic liquid technology: Correlation between counterion structure and the physicochemical and biological properties","volume":"283","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102037","article-title":"Solubility and permeation enhancement of poor soluble drug by cholinium-amino acid based ionic liquids","volume":"60","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14126","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02797","article-title":"Design of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Based Ionic Liquids with Improved Water Solubility and Drug Delivery","volume":"7","author":"Chantereau","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01813-9","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Drug-based Polymeric Matrices for Transdermal Delivery of Lidocaine and Diclofenac","volume":"28","author":"Suksaeree","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CE00723D","article-title":"Synthesis and solid-state characterization of diclofenac imidazolium monohydrate: An imidazolium pharmaceutical ionic liquid","volume":"22","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2020","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1545-2","article-title":"Controlled Release of Lidocaine\u2013Diclofenac Ionic Liquid Drug from Freeze-Thawed Gelatin\/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Transdermal Patches","volume":"20","author":"Maneewattanapinyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.10.007","article-title":"Polyvinylidene fluoride\u2013Hyaluronic acid wound dressing comprised of ionic liquids for controlled drug delivery and dual therapeutic behavior","volume":"100","author":"Abednejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119031","article-title":"Novel skin permeation enhancers based on amino acid ester ionic liquid: Design and permeation mechanism","volume":"576","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c01064","article-title":"Taurine-Based Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Protein Delivery and Enhanced Anticancer Activity","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112308","article-title":"Ionic liquid form of donepezil: Preparation, characterization and formulation development","volume":"300","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56731-1","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of nobiletin using ionic liquids","volume":"9","author":"Hattori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.105042","article-title":"Development of a w\/o emulsion using ionic liquid strategy for transdermal delivery of anti-aging component \u03b1-lipoic acid: Mechanism of different ionic liquids on skin retention and efficacy evaluation","volume":"141","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caparica, R., J\u00falio, A., Fernandes, F., Ara\u00fajo, M.E.M., Costa, J.G., and Santos de Almeida, T. (2021). Upgrading the Topical Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs Using Ionic Liquids as a Versatile Tool. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094338"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112547","article-title":"Bacterial nanocellulose membranes loaded with vitamin B-based ionic liquids for dermal care applications","volume":"302","author":"Chantereau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.R., Chowdhury, M.R., Wakabayashi, R., Kamiya, N., Moniruzzaman, M., and Goto, M. (2020). Ionic Liquid-In-Oil Microemulsions Prepared with Biocompatible Choline Carboxylic Acids for Improving the Transdermal Delivery of a Sparingly Soluble Drug. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12040392"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119335","article-title":"Choline and amino acid based biocompatible ionic liquid mediated transdermal delivery of the sparingly soluble drug acyclovir","volume":"582","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2019.183103","article-title":"Imidazolium-based ionic liquids cause mammalian cell death due to modulated structures and dynamics of cellular membrane","volume":"1862","author":"Bakshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.034","article-title":"Formulation and characterisation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate-in-oil microemulsions as the potential vehicle for drug delivery across the skin barrier","volume":"273","author":"Poh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.11.079","article-title":"Optimization of ionic liquid-incorporated PLGA nanoparticles for treatment of biofilm infections","volume":"97","author":"Takahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, J.R., Merrett, K.L., Heyert, A.J., Simmons, L.F., Migliori, C.M., Vogt, K.C., Castro, R.S., Phillips, P.D., Baker, J.L., and Lindberg, G.E. (2019). Scope and efficacy of the broad-spectrum topical antiseptic choline geranate. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222211"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119842","article-title":"Ionic liquids containing ketoconazole improving topical treatment of T. Interdigitale infection by synergistic action","volume":"589","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110886","article-title":"Enhancement of transdermal delivery of artemisinin using microemulsion vehicle based on ionic liquid and lidocaine ibuprofen","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.08.023","article-title":"Active pharmaceutical ingredient poly(ionic liquid)-based microneedles for the treatment of skin acne infection","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bento, C.M., Gomes, M.S., and Silva, T. (2020). Looking beyond Typical Treatments for Atypical Mycobacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010018"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Vanegas, J.D., Cruz, J.C., and Reyes, L.H. (2021). Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acids and Proteins: Barriers, Cell Capture Pathways and Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030428"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102007","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs: Strategies, advantages and disadvantages","volume":"60","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.072","article-title":"Improving dermal delivery of hyaluronic acid by ionic liquids for attenuating skin dehydration","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb6049","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb6049","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis with NFKBIZ siRNA using topical ionic liquid formulations","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000041","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202000041","article-title":"Stabilization and Topical Skin Delivery of Framework Nucleic Acids using Ionic Liquids","volume":"3","author":"Tanner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usmani, S.S., Bedi, G., Samuel, J.S., Singh, S., Kalra, S., Kumar, P., Ahuja, A.A., Sharma, M., Gautam, A., and Raghava, G.P.S. (2017). THPdb: Database of FDA-approved peptide and protein therapeutics. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181748"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Goand, U.K., Husain, A., Katekar, R.A., Garg, R., and Gayen, J.R. (2021). Challenges of peptide and protein drug delivery by oral route: Current strategies to improve the bioavailability. Drug Dev. Res., ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21832"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.037","article-title":"Ionic liquid-mediated delivery of insulin to buccal mucosa","volume":"327","author":"Vaidya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00243","article-title":"Non-invasive Transdermal Delivery of Human Insulin Using Ionic Liquids: In vitro Studies","volume":"11","author":"Jorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, N.S.M., Castro, P.J., Marques, D.F., Ara\u00fajo, J.M.M., and Pereiro, A.B. (2020). Tailor-Made Fluorinated Ionic Liquids for Protein Delivery. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081594"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, K. (2019). Clinical Application of AMPs. Antimicrobial Peptides: Basics for Clinical Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3588-4"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13660","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c03419","article-title":"Design and Characterization of Fatty Acid-Based Amino Acid Ester as a New \u201cGreen\u201d Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid for Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6256","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00563","article-title":"Lipid-Based Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Nanodispersions as Biocompatible Carriers for the Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of a Peptide Drug","volume":"4","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00598","article-title":"Biocompatible Ionic Liquid Enhances Transdermal Antigen Peptide Delivery and Preventive Vaccination Effect","volume":"17","author":"Tahara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03777","article-title":"Noncovalent Conjugates of Ionic Liquid with Antibacterial Peptide Melittin: An Efficient Combination against Bacterial Cells","volume":"5","author":"Saraswat","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10989-y","article-title":"Synergistic antimicrobial activity of N-methyl substituted pyrrolidinium\u2013based ionic liquids and melittin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"104","author":"Saraswat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A., Bessa, L.J., Correia, P., Fernandes, I., Ferraz, R., Gameiro, P., Teixeira, C., and Gomes, P. (2020). \u201cClicking\u201d an Ionic Liquid to a Potent Antimicrobial Peptide: On the Route towards Improved Stability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176174"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14543","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01254","article-title":"Development of Nanoscale Hybrids from Ionic Liquid\u2013Peptide Amphiphile Assemblies as New Functional Materials","volume":"5","author":"Daso","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05434-5","article-title":"Interactions of betainium and imidazolium-based ionic liquids with peptide amphiphiles and their implications in the formation of nanohybrid composite gels","volume":"97","author":"Whalen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.100898","article-title":"Overcoming negatively charged tissue barriers: Drug delivery using cationic peptides and proteins","volume":"34","author":"Vedadghavami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0290","article-title":"Transdermal permeation of bacteriophage particles by choline oleate: Potential for treatment of soft-tissue infections","volume":"15","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:26:29Z","timestamp":1760167589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/21\/11991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222111991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}}}