{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1771531383247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon nanostructures are widely used as fillers to tailor the mechanical, thermal, barrier, and electrical properties of polymeric matrices employed for a wide range of applications. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a carbon nanostructure from the graphene derivatives family, has been incorporated in composite materials due to its remarkable electrical conductivity, mechanical strength capacity, and low cost. Graphene oxide (GO) is typically synthesized by the improved Hummers\u2019 method and then chemically reduced to obtain rGO. However, the chemical reduction commonly uses toxic reducing agents, such as hydrazine, being environmentally unfriendly and limiting the final application of composites. Therefore, green chemical reducing agents and synthesis methods of carbon nanostructures should be employed. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the green chemical reduction of graphene oxide reported in the last 3 years. Moreover, alternative graphitic nanostructures, such as carbons derived from biomass and carbon nanostructures supported on clays, are pointed as eco-friendly and sustainable carbonaceous additives to engineering polymer properties in composites. Finally, the application of these carbon nanostructures in polymer composites is briefly overviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Green Carbon Nanostructures for Functional Composite Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2499-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Materials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c\/Sor Juana In\u00e9s de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ruiz-Hitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c\/Sor Juana In\u00e9s de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.08.038","article-title":"All in the graphene family\u2014A recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials","volume":"65","author":"Bianco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-017-0100","article-title":"Precision synthesis versus bulk-scale fabrication of graphenes","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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