{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:40:39Z","timestamp":1775198439119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["InSilico4OCReg (PTDC\/EME-SIS\/0838\/2021); OptiBioScaffold (PTDC\/EME-SIS\/4446\/2020); iBB (UIDB\/04565\/2020 and UIDP\/04565\/2020), CDRSP (UIDB\/04044\/2020 and UIDP\/04044\/2020) and i4HB (LA\/P\/0140\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["InSilico4OCReg (PTDC\/EME-SIS\/0838\/2021); OptiBioScaffold (PTDC\/EME-SIS\/4446\/2020); iBB (UIDB\/04565\/2020 and UIDP\/04565\/2020), CDRSP (UIDB\/04044\/2020 and UIDP\/04044\/2020) and i4HB (LA\/P\/0140\/2020)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteochondral tissue (OCT) related diseases, particularly osteoarthritis, number among the most prevalent in the adult population worldwide. However, no satisfactory clinical treatments have been developed to date to resolve this unmet medical issue. Osteochondral tissue engineering (OCTE) strategies involving the fabrication of OCT-mimicking scaffold structures capable of replacing damaged tissue and promoting its regeneration are currently under development. While the piezoelectric properties of the OCT have been extensively reported in different studies, they keep being neglected in the design of novel OCT scaffolds, which focus primarily on the tissue\u2019s structural and mechanical properties. Given the promising potential of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds capable of both recapitulating the piezoelectric nature of the tissue\u2019s fibrous ECM and of providing a platform for electrical and mechanical stimulation to promote the regeneration of damaged OCT, the present review aims to examine the current state of the art of these electroactive smart scaffolds in OCTE strategies. A summary of the piezoelectric properties of the different regions of the OCT and an overview of the main piezoelectric biomaterials applied in OCTE applications are presented. Some recent examples of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds developed for potentially replacing damaged OCT as well as for the bone or articular cartilage segments of this interfacial tissue are summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives concerning the use of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds in OCT regeneration are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1646742937000},"page":"2907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Piezoelectric Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Bone, Articular Cartilage and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Frederico","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5177-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico Castelo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CDRSP\u2014Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal-Zona Industrial, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.07.002","article-title":"Electric Phenomenon: A Disregarded Tool in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"38","author":"Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802084","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802084","article-title":"Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Sensors and Actuators","volume":"31","author":"Chorsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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