{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:07:59Z","timestamp":1772824079840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/32050\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EQU-EQU\/32050\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this manuscript, two thiouronium-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely 2-ethylthiouronium bromide [C2th][Br] and 2-(hydroxyethyl)thiouronium bromide [C2OHth][Br], were tested at different concentrations (1 and 10 wt%) for their ability to affect CO2 (sI) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (sII) hydrate formation and growth. Two different methods were selected to perform a thermodynamic and kinetic screening of the CO2 hydrates using a rocking cell apparatus: (i) an isochoric pressure search method to map the hydrate phase behavior and (ii) a constant ramping method to obtain the hydrate formation and dissociation onset temperatures. A THF hydrate crystal growth method was also used to determine the effectiveness of the ILs in altering the growth of type sII hydrates at atmospheric pressure. Hydrate\u2013liquid\u2013vapor equilibrium measurements revealed that both ILs act as thermodynamic inhibitors at 10 wt% and suppress the CO2 hydrate equilibria ~1.2 \u00b0C. The constant ramping methodology provides interesting results and reveals that [C2OHth][Br] suppresses the nucleation onset temperature and delays the decomposition onset temperatures of CO2 hydrates at 1 wt%, whereas suppression by [C2th][Br] was not statistically significant. Normalized pressure plots indicate that the presence of the ILs slowed down the growth as well as the decomposition rates of CO2 hydrates due to the lower quantity of hydrate formed in the presence of 1 wt% ILs. The ILs were also found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of type sII THF hydrates without affecting their morphology. Therefore, the studied thiouronium ILs can be used as potential dual-function hydrate inhibitors. This work also emphasizes the importance of the methods and conditions used to screen an additive for altering hydrate formation and growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Thiouronium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Formation and Growth of CO2 (sI) and THF (sII) Hydrates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2167-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio R. C.","family":"Soromenho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Keba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. S. S.","family":"Esperan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7795-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114152","article-title":"Fundamentals and Applications of gas hydrates","volume":"2","author":"Koh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00989A","article-title":"Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry","volume":"49","author":"Hassanpouryouzband","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2016.03.005","article-title":"Some current challenges in clathrate hydrate science: Nucleation, decomposition and the memory effect","volume":"20","author":"Ripmeester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1021\/ie900679m","article-title":"Clathrate Hydrates: From Laboratory Science to Engineering Practice","volume":"48","author":"Sum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"22","article-title":"Recent advances on carbon dioxide capture through a hydrate-based gas separation process","volume":"11","author":"Sabil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sust. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.02.059","article-title":"A review of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology for gas storage via clathrate hydrates","volume":"216","author":"Veluswamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2011.10.006","article-title":"Application of gas hydrate formation in separation processes: A review of experimental studies","volume":"46","author":"Eslamimanesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.8b02816","article-title":"Perspectives on Gas Hydrates Cold Flow Technology","volume":"33","author":"Straume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8093","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01616","article-title":"A Review of Clathrate Hydrate Based Desalination to Strengthen Energy\u2013Water Nexus","volume":"6","author":"Babu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.03.103","article-title":"A review of the hydrate-based gas separation (HBGS) process for carbon dioxide pre-combustion capture","volume":"85","author":"Babu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, E.D., and Koh, C.A. (2008). Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]. Chapter 8.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420008494"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giavarini, C., and Hester, K. (2011). Gas Hydrate: Immense Energy Potential and Environmental Challenges, Springer. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-956-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1021\/ef300191e","article-title":"Developing a Comprehensive Understanding and Model of Hydrate in Multiphase Flow: From Laboratory Measurements to Field Applications","volume":"26","author":"Sum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-8947(00)00157-1","article-title":"Experimental and modeling studies on the hydrate formation of CO2 and CO2-rich gas mixtures","volume":"78","author":"Fan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1021\/je5008313","article-title":"Hydrate dissociation condition measurement of CO2\u2014Rich mixed gas in the presence of methanol\/ethylene glycol and mixed methanol\/ethylene glycol + electrolyte aqueous solution","volume":"59","author":"Nasir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1021\/ef300280e","article-title":"Efficient Hydrate Plug Prevention","volume":"26","author":"Creek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2011.12.023","article-title":"Measurements of methane hydrate equilibrium in systems inhibited with NaCl and methanol","volume":"48","author":"Lafond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1021\/ef050427x","article-title":"History of the development of low dosage hydrate inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Kelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.01.039","article-title":"Inhibition properties of new amino acids for prevention of hydrate formation in carbon dioxide-water system: Experimental and modeling investigations","volume":"215","author":"Roosta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00450","article-title":"Anomalous and Not-So-Common Behaviour in Common Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-containing Systems","volume":"7","author":"Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13480","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP01563D","article-title":"Viscosity minima in binary mixtures of ionic liquids + molecular solvents","volume":"17","author":"Tariq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1039\/C004968A","article-title":"Ionic liquids: A pathway to environmental acceptability","volume":"40","author":"Petkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1039\/b922247b","article-title":"Novel biocompatible cholinium-based ionic liquids\u2014Toxicity and biodegradability","volume":"12","author":"Petkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CP21947B","article-title":"How ionic liquids can help to stabilize native proteins","volume":"14","author":"Cabrele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0421-8","article-title":"Suppression and dissolution of amyloid aggregates using ionic liquids","volume":"10","author":"Takekiyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.09.105","article-title":"Ionic liquids as alternatives of surfactants in enhanced oil recovery\u2014A state-of-the-art review","volume":"224","author":"Bera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.10.025","article-title":"Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by alkylimidazolium ionic liquids in hydrochloric acid","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.194","article-title":"The role of ionic liquids in desulfurization of fuels: A review","volume":"76","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590191","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.590191","article-title":"Paramagnetic Ionic Liquid\/Metal Organic Framework Composites for CO2\/CH4 and CO2\/N2 Separations","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b00271","article-title":"Kinetic Promotion and Inhibition of Methane Hydrate Formation by Morpholinium Ionic Liquids with Chloride and Tetrafluoroborate Anions","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17855","DOI":"10.1021\/ie503559k","article-title":"Gas hydrate inhibition: A review of the role of ionic liquids","volume":"53","author":"Tariq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15835","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c01401","article-title":"Ionic liquids as gas hydrate thermodynamic inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Bavoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Haq, I.U., Qasim, A., Lal, B., Zaini, D.B., Foo, K.S., Mubashir, M., Khoo, K.S., Vo, D.-V.N., Leroy, E., and Show, P.L. (2022). Ionic liquids for the inhibition of gas hydrates. A review. Env. Chem. Lett., 1\u201324."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Makino, T., Matsumoto, Y., Sugahara, T., Ohgaki, K., and Masuda, H. (2011, January 17\u201321). Effect of Ionic Liquid on Hydrate Formation Rate in Carbon Dioxide Hydrates. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH), Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2015.09.008","article-title":"Thermodynamic Inhibition of CO2 Hydrate in the Presence of Morpholinium and Piperidinium Ionic Liquids","volume":"413","author":"Cha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of ammonium based compounds for gas hydrate mitigation: A short review","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2017.02.011","article-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria Influence of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide on Methane and Carbon Dioxide Gas Hydrate Phase Equilibrium Conditions","volume":"440","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.04.015","article-title":"Impacts of ammonium based ionic liquids alkyl chain on thermodynamic hydrate inhibition for carbon dioxide rich binary gas","volume":"261","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.S., Bavoh, C.B., Lal, B., and Bustam, A.M. (2018). Kinetic assessment of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (ionic liquid) for carbon dioxide methane binary mix gas hydrates. Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77262"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.474","article-title":"Synergic kinetic inhibition effect of EMIM-Cl+PVP on CO2 hydrate formation","volume":"148","author":"Bavoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3923\/ajsr.2013.374.380","article-title":"Ionic liquid as a low dosage hydrate inhibitor for flow assurance in pipeline","volume":"6","author":"Chun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130227","article-title":"The pursuit of a more powerful thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor than methanol. Dimethylsulfoxide as a case study","volume":"423","author":"Semenov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nj00098a","article-title":"Ionic liquid S-alkylthiouronium salts","volume":"34","author":"Abai","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11222","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9046769","article-title":"Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Thioether-Functionalized Ionic Liquids","volume":"113","author":"Torriero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119507","article-title":"New insights into the evaluation of kinetic hydrate inhibitors and energy consumption in rocking and stirred cells","volume":"218","author":"Foroutan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(97)00118-8","article-title":"Melt growth of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate and its inhibition: Method and first results","volume":"179","author":"Makogon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3812(98)00335-5","article-title":"Clathrate hydrate growth and inhibition","volume":"150\u2013151","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06846.x","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy of Gas Hydrate Dissociation Point Measurements","volume":"912","author":"Tohidi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annal. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.106940","article-title":"Inhibition of natural gas hydrate in the system containing salts and crude oil","volume":"188","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1021\/je00001a020","article-title":"Hydrates of carbon dioxide and methane mixtures","volume":"36","author":"Adisasmito","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1021\/je100059h","article-title":"Semiclathrate Hydrate Phase Equilibria for CO2 in the Presence of Tetra-n-butyl Ammonium Halide (Bromide, Chloride, or Fluoride)","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.05.045","article-title":"Thermodynamic effect of ammonium based ionic liquids on CO2 hydrates phase boundary","volume":"238","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.02.115","article-title":"Phase equilibrium measurement and modeling approach to quaternary ammonium salts with and without monoethylene glycol for carbon dioxide hydrates","volume":"282","author":"Qasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23827","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00170J","article-title":"Doubly dual nature of ammonium-based ionic liquids for methane hydrates probed by rocking-rig assembly","volume":"6","author":"Tariq","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2009.07.006","article-title":"Estimations of enthalpies of dissociation of simple and mixed carbon dioxide hydrates from phase equilibrium data","volume":"290","author":"Sabil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, J.S., Daas, Y.J., and Solms, N.v. (2020). Screening of Amino Acids and Surfactant as Hydrate Promoter for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8010124"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.106388","article-title":"Inhibition of methane hydrate nucleation and growth by an antifreeze protein","volume":"183","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petro. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makogon, T.Y. (2019). Chapter 5\u2014Flow restrictions and blockages in operations. Handbook of Multiphase Flow Assurance, Gulf Professional Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813062-9.00005-1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2008.02.012","article-title":"The effect of biological and polymeric inhibitors on methane gas hydrate growth kinetics","volume":"267","author":"Dick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-9953(08)60061-4","article-title":"Effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate on the formation rate of CO2 hydrate","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.02.018","article-title":"Synergistic kinetic inhibition of natural gas hydrate formation","volume":"108","author":"Daraboina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2021.117319","article-title":"Insights into CO2 hydrates formation and dissociation at isochoric conditions using a rocking cell apparatus","volume":"249","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(95)00370-3","article-title":"Effective kinetic inhibitors for natural gas hydrates","volume":"51","author":"Lederhos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1021\/ef500349w","article-title":"Inhibition of gas hydrate nucleation and growth: Efficacy of an antifreeze protein from the longhorn beetle Rhagium mordax","volume":"28","author":"Perfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.09.012","article-title":"Kinetic inhibition of natural gas hydrates in saline solutions and heptane","volume":"117","author":"Sharifi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2011.01.014","article-title":"THF hydrate crystal growth inhibition with small anionic organic compounds and their synergistic properties with the kinetic hydrate inhibitor poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)","volume":"66","author":"Sefidroodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4147","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c03663","article-title":"Clathrate hydrate inhibition by polyisocyanate with diethylammonium group","volume":"37","author":"Bak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2010.06.033","article-title":"An investigation into the kinetic hydrate inhibitor properties of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids on structure II gas hydrate","volume":"65","author":"Villano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31582","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31582","article-title":"Inhibition of methane and natural gas hydrate formation by altering the structure of water with amino acids","volume":"6","author":"Sa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2017.07.034","article-title":"Gas hydrates inhibition via combined biomolecules and synergistic materials at wide process conditions","volume":"46","author":"Altamash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.06.031","article-title":"Effect of heating rate on the accuracy of measuring equilibrium conditions for methane and argon hydrates","volume":"137","author":"Semenov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2018.05.039","article-title":"Inhibition of structure II hydrates formation by salt-tolerant N-vinyl lactam-based terpolymers","volume":"56","author":"Reza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/6\/3292\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:04Z","timestamp":1760135944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/6\/3292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23063292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23063292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]}}}