{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:10:24Z","timestamp":1762049424126,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIINN\/0004\/2014","PTDC\/MED\u2010TOX\/31162\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/120646\/2016","SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014","DL-57\/INSA-06\/2018","UIDB\/04750\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIINN\/0004\/2014","PTDC\/MED\u2010TOX\/31162\/2017","SFRH\/BD\/120646\/2016","SFRH\/BD\/101060\/2014","DL-57\/INSA-06\/2018","UIDB\/04750\/2020","LA\/P\/0064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIN-2015-173-C02-01","CEX2018-000794-S-Severo Ochoa"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIN-2015-173-C02-01","CEX2018-000794-S-Severo Ochoa"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERA-NET SIINN","award":["project id:16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project id:16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers\u2019 health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (\u03b3-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 20.18 \u00b5g\/cm2 and 1.79 \u00b5g\/cm2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G2\/M and \u03b3-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of \u03b3-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:33:42Z","timestamp":1649885622000},"page":"4278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paul H. B.","family":"Fokkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Daan L. A. C.","family":"Leseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"A. John F.","family":"Boere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Flemming R.","family":"Cassee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Salmatonidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"LEITAT Technological Center, C\/de la Innovaci\u00f3 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4073-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eliseo","family":"Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109297","article-title":"Nanoparticle exposure and hazard in the ceramic industry: An overview of potential sources, toxicity and health effects","volume":"184","author":"Bessa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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