{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T20:27:43Z","timestamp":1777840063559,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["IDI&CA \u2013 IPL\/2019\/COLITiS_ESTeSL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI&CA \u2013 IPL\/2019\/COLITiS_ESTeSL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a world healthcare problem. In order to evaluate the effect of new pharmacological approaches for IBD, we aim to develop and validate chronic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice. Methods: Experimental colitis was induced by the rectal administration of multiple doses of TNBS in female CD-1 mice. The protocol was performed with six experimental groups, depending on the TNBS administration frequency, and two control groups (sham and ethanol groups). Results: The survival rate was 73.3% in the first three weeks and, from week 4 until the end of the experimental protocol, the mice\u2019s survival remained unaltered at 70.9%. Fecal hemoglobin presented a progressive increase until week 4 (5.8 \u00b1 0.3 \u00b5mol Hg\/g feces, p &lt; 0.0001) compared with the ethanol group, with no statistical differences to week 6. The highest level of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 was observed on week 3; however, after week 4, a slight decrease in tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 concentration was verified, and the level was maintained until week 6 (71.3 \u00b1 3.3 pg\/mL and 72.7 \u00b1 3.6 pg\/mL, respectively). Conclusions: These findings allowed the verification of a stable pattern of clinical and inflammation signs after week 4, suggesting that the chronic model of TNBS-induced colitis develops in 4 weeks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"4739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chronic Experimental Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis to Study Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2013Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Solas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2013Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joaquim Chaves Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, 1495-069 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2013Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2013Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2017.07.001","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update on Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"64","author":"Gajendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disease-a-Month"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14872","article-title":"The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: East meets west","volume":"35","author":"Mak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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