{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:32:37Z","timestamp":1773901957385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"]}]},{"name":"FCT and Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ANI)","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MEDQUI\/29649\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04565\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-045904"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For a while, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been recognized as potential radiosensitizers in cancer radiation therapy, mainly due to their physical properties, making them appealing for medical applications. Nevertheless, the performance of AuNPs as radiosensitizers still raises important questions that need further investigation. Searching for selective prostate (PCa) radiosensitizing agents, we studied the radiosensitization capability of the target-specific AuNP-BBN in cancer versus non-cancerous prostate cells, including the evaluation of dose rate effects in comparison with non-targeted counterparts (AuNP-TDOTA). PCa cells were found to exhibit increased AuNP uptake when compared to non-tumoral ones, leading to a significant loss of cellular proliferation ability and complex DNA damage, evidenced by the occurrence of multiple micronucleus per binucleated cell, in the case of PC3 cells irradiated with 2 Gy of \u03b3-rays, after incubation with AuNP-BBN. Remarkably, the treatment of the PC3 cells with AuNP-BBN led to a much stronger influence of the dose rate on the cellular survival upon \u03b3-photon irradiation, as well as on their genomic instability. Overall, AuNP-BBN emerged in this study as a very promising nanotool for the efficient and selective radiosensitization of human prostate cancer PC3 cells, therefore deserving further preclinical evaluation in adequate animal models for prostate cancer radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"5279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dose Rate Effects on the Selective Radiosensitization of Prostate Cells by GRPR-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Belchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Paula Cabral","family":"Campello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Bioengenharia e Bioci\u00eancias, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3363-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Metrologia, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P. A.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnol\u00f3gico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.03.024","article-title":"Estimating the demand for radiotherapy from the evidence: A review of changes from 2003 to 2012","volume":"112","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3635","article-title":"Cancer and Radiation Therapy: Current Advances and Future Directions","volume":"9","author":"Baskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S290438","article-title":"Application of Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. 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