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However, this vaccine only confers moderate protection against clinical diseases in children, impelling a continuous search for novel candidates. In this work, we studied the importance of the membrane-associated erythrocyte binding-like protein (MAEBL) for infection by Plasmodium sporozoites. Using transgenic parasites and live imaging in mice, we show that the absence of MAEBL reduces Plasmodium berghei hemolymph sporozoite infectivity to mice. Moreover, we found that maebl knockout (maebl-) sporozoites display reduced adhesion, including to cultured hepatocytes, which could contribute to the defects in multiple biological processes, such as in gliding motility, hepatocyte wounding, and invasion. The maebl- defective phenotypes in mosquito salivary gland and liver infection were reverted by genetic complementation. Using a parasite line expressing a C-terminal myc-tagged MAEBL, we found that MAEBL levels peak in midgut and hemolymph parasites but drop after sporozoite entry into the salivary glands, where the labeling was found to be heterogeneous among sporozoites. MAEBL was found associated, not only with micronemes, but also with the surface of mature sporozoites. Overall, our data provide further insight into the role of MAEBL in sporozoite infectivity and may contribute to the design of future immune interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1653054972000},"page":"5711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MAEBL Contributes to Plasmodium Sporozoite Adhesiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0213-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Mendes","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rafaela","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Formaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Golba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Production and Infection of <i>Anopheles<\/i>, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8na","family":"Sefiane-Djemaoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Production and Infection of <i>Anopheles<\/i>, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Rogerio","family":"Amino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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