{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:12:22Z","timestamp":1772957542228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science (FNP)","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science (FNP)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCTES)","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Funds (PRODER\/COMPETE) and FEDER","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00789"]}]},{"name":"European Funds (PRODER\/COMPETE) and FEDER","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid nanoparticles are currently used to deliver drugs to specific sites in the body, known as targeted therapy. Conjugates of lipids and drugs to produce drug-enriched phospholipid micelles have been proposed to increase the lipophilic character of drugs to overcome biological barriers. However, their applicability at the topical level is still minimal. Phospholipid micelles are amphiphilic colloidal systems of nanometric dimensions, composed of a lipophilic nucleus and a hydrophilic outer surface. They are currently used successfully as pharmaceutical vehicles for poorly water-soluble drugs. These micelles have high in vitro and in vivo stability and high biocompatibility. This review discusses the use of lipid-drug conjugates as biocompatible carriers for cutaneous application. This work provides a metadata analysis of publications concerning the conjugation of cannabidiol with lipids as a suitable approach and as a new delivery system for this drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"6165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lipid-Drug Conjugates and Nanoparticles for the Cutaneous Delivery of Cannabidiol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQ-UP\u2014Chemistry Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Martins-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Szalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"S\u0142omski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy\u0144ska 32, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Silva, G.F., Dias-Ferreira, J., Zielinska, A., Ventura, F., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Novellino, E., and Santini, A. (2020). Nanopharmaceutics: Part I\u2014Clinical Trials Legislation and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of Nanotherapeutics in the EU. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020146"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Silva, G.F., Dias-Ferreira, J., Zielinska, A., Ventura, F., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Novellino, E., and Santini, A. (2020). Nanopharmaceutics: Part II-Production Scales and Clinically Compliant Production Methods. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030455"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0957","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/28\/285603","article-title":"Micellar nanotubes and AAO nanopores decorated with nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Jeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nr10310e","article-title":"Stable dye-labelled oligonucleotide-nanoparticle conjugates for nucleic acid detection","volume":"3","author":"Barrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-010-0003-1","article-title":"Non-viral systemic delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides targeted to Jun N-terminal kinase 1 prevents cellular hypoxic damage","volume":"1","author":"Betigeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-355461","article-title":"Conjugation of lymphoma idiotype to CD40 antibody enhances lymphoma vaccine immunogenicity and antitumor effects in mice","volume":"119","author":"Carlring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00248-5","article-title":"Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: A review","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01114.x","article-title":"Enhanced Vascular Permeability in Solid Tumor Involving Peroxynitrite and Matrix Metalloproteinases","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1021\/bc900369d","article-title":"Targeting glioma cells in vitro with ascorbate-conjugated pharmaceutical nanocarriers","volume":"20","author":"Salmaso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9132-0","article-title":"Micellar nanocarriers: Pharmaceutical perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Torchilin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02652049809006831","article-title":"Polymer-coated long-circulating microparticulate pharmaceuticals","volume":"15","author":"Torchilin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860400011935","article-title":"Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs: Preparation and anticancer activity in vitro of paclitaxel incorporated into mixed micelles based on poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugate and positively charged lipids","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1021\/mp1001125","article-title":"Paclitaxel-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Modified with MCF-7 Cell-Specific Phage Protein: Enhanced Binding to Target Cancer Cells and Increased Cytotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-151-2_23","article-title":"Design and synthesis of novel functional lipid-based bioconjugates for drug delivery and other applications","volume":"751","author":"Sawant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.12.002","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles for parenteral drug delivery","volume":"56","author":"Wissing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.04.009","article-title":"Parasitic diseases: Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles versus lipid nanoparticles","volume":"59","author":"Date","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.05.010","article-title":"Targeting tumor antigens to dendritic cells using particulate carriers","volume":"161","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00129-0","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"46","author":"Lipinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(00)00107-6","article-title":"Drug-like properties and the causes of poor solubility and poor permeability","volume":"44","author":"Lipinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharm. Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.03.056","article-title":"Solubilization of poorly soluble compounds using 2-pyrrolidone","volume":"342","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540590952591","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing flurbiprofen for transdermal delivery","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"372","article-title":"Glutamate-conjugated liposomes of dopamine hydrochloride for effective management of parkinsonism\u2019s","volume":"63","author":"Khare","year":"2009","journal-title":"PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3109\/10717540903271391","article-title":"Targeted delivery of an anti-cancer agent via steroid coupled liposomes","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00334-4","article-title":"Solubilization by cosolvents. Establishing useful constants for the log-linear model","volume":"245","author":"Millard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20246","article-title":"Solubilization and Preformulation Studies on PG-300995 (An Anti-HIV Drug)","volume":"94","author":"Ran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22435","article-title":"Studies on binary lipid matrix based solid lipid nanoparticles of repaglinide: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"100","author":"Rawat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1021\/bc100199c","article-title":"Effective stabilization and delivery of siRNA: Reversible siRNA-phospholipid conjugate in nanosized mixed polymeric micelles","volume":"21","author":"Musacchio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.005","article-title":"Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives","volume":"334","author":"Tijani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoudinoodezh, H., Telukutla, S.R., Bhangu, S.K., Bachari, A., Cavalieri, F., and Mantri, N. (2022). The Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Cannabinoids. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020438"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113656","article-title":"Therapeutic application of cannabidiol on UVA and UVB irradiated rat skin. A proteomic study","volume":"192","author":"Atalay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647222","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6647222","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Cannabidiol Contributes to the Decreased Lipid Peroxidation of Keratinocytes of Rat Skin Exposed to UV Radiation","volume":"2021","author":"Markowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00083","article-title":"Cannabidiol Protects Human Skin Keratinocytes from Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the Caspase-1\u2013IL-1\u03b2 Axis","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikarashi, N., Shiseki, M., Yoshida, R., Tabata, K., Kimura, R., Watanabe, T., Kon, R., Sakai, H., and Kamei, J. (2021). Cannabidiol Application Increases Cutaneous Aquaporin-3 and Exerts a Skin Moisturizing Effect. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090879"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2020.1862863","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the inhibition of melanoma cells in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Burch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13545","article-title":"Self-initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"35","author":"Chelliah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64628","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes","volume":"124","author":"Sugawara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids: Epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications","volume":"144","author":"Castaneto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S286411","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Skin Health and Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Baswan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2377","article-title":"Model-Based Analysis of Cannabidiol Dose-Exposure Relationship and Bioavailability","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, S.A., Maguire, R.F., Yates, A.S., and O\u2019Sullivan, S.E. (2020). Towards better delivery of cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090219"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2003.09.001","article-title":"Cannabidiol\u2014transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model","volume":"93","author":"Lodzki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francke, N.M., Schneider, F., Baumann, K., and Bunjes, H. (2021). Formulation of Cannabidiol in Colloidal Lipid Carriers. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051469"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127677","article-title":"Pickering emulsions stabilized with chitosan\/collagen peptides nanoparticles as green topical delivery vehicles for cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"631","author":"Sharkawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118993","article-title":"Pickering emulsions stabilized with chitosan\/gum Arabic particles: Effect of chitosan degree of deacetylation on the physicochemical properties and cannabidiol (CBD) topical delivery","volume":"355","author":"Sharkawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121036","article-title":"Development and optimisation of biopharmaceutical properties of a new microemulgel of cannabidiol for locally-acting dermatological delivery","volume":"607","author":"Vanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1675854","article-title":"The potential role of cannabinoids in dermatology","volume":"31","author":"Sheriff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.036","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pruritus: A review","volume":"82","author":"Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040802130061","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles with a solid matrix (SLN, NLC, LDC) for oral drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"Muchow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.02.024","article-title":"Lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles of the hydrophilic drug diminazene-cytotoxicity testing and mouse serum adsorption","volume":"96","author":"Olbrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2004.078","article-title":"Drug delivery to the brain--realization by novel drug carriers","volume":"4","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869609015973","article-title":"Phagocytic uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) sterically stabilized with poloxamine 908 and poloxamer 407","volume":"4","author":"Muller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"539","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)--effects of lipid composition on in vitro degradation and in vivo toxicity","volume":"61","author":"Weyhers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186021000001832","article-title":"Lipid-drug-conjugate (LDC) nanoparticles as novel carrier system for the hydrophilic antitrypanosomal drug diminazenediaceturate","volume":"10","author":"Olbrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.08.042","article-title":"Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLN): Structure, stability and DNA binding capacity correlation studies","volume":"420","author":"Doktorovova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00477-3_4","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles: Effect on bioavailability and pharmacokinetic changes","volume":"197","author":"Souto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422010000100028","article-title":"Tecnologia de nanocristais em f\u00e1rmacos","volume":"33","author":"Tasic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qu\u00edmica Nova"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3135","article-title":"Nanostructured Polymer and Lipid Carriers for Sunscreen. Biological Effects and Skin Permeation","volume":"11","author":"Marcato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00639-6","article-title":"The role of plasma proteins in brain targeting: Species dependent protein adsorption patterns on brain-specific lipid drug conjugate (LDC) nanoparticles","volume":"214","author":"Gessner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000174096.56652.4f","article-title":"Estradiol in micellar nanoparticles: The efficacy and safety of a novel transdermal drug-delivery technology in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-012-0766-6","article-title":"Nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer therapy: Advances in clinical and preclinical research","volume":"14","author":"Egusquiaguirre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.05.002","article-title":"Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes","volume":"34","author":"Barry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.08.016","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of novel skin penetration enhancers: Phospholipid versus skin lipid liposomes","volume":"305","author":"Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Skin delivery of 5-fluorouracil from ultradeformable and standard liposomes in-vitro","volume":"53","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00441-X","article-title":"Oestradiol skin delivery from ultradeformable liposomes: Refinement of surfactant concentration","volume":"196","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(03)00217-7","article-title":"Micelles from polyethylene glycol\/phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates for tumor drug delivery","volume":"91","author":"Lukyanov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.12.004","article-title":"Micelles from lipid derivatives of water-soluble polymers as delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs","volume":"56","author":"Lukyanov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.07.033","article-title":"Multi-drug delivery to tumor cells via micellar nanocarriers","volume":"419","author":"Katragadda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.07.011","article-title":"Novel cationic solid lipid nanoparticles enhanced p53 gene transfer to lung cancer cells","volume":"68","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"236","article-title":"Effect of local controlled heat on transdermal delivery of nicotine","volume":"3","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:45Z","timestamp":1760138565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23116165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23116165","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}