{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:29:32Z","timestamp":1762068572709,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CESAM","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FCT projects","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019","UIDB\/50017\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50006\/2020","PRE-VINE\u2014FCT-PTDC\/ASP-PES\/29576\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QUI-QOR\/31770\/2017","P2020-PTDC\/QEQ-SUP\/5355\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The laboratorial available methods applied in plasma disinfection can induce damage in other blood components. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising approach and is approved for plasma and platelet disinfection using non-porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB). In this study, the photodynamic action of three cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tetra-S-Py(+)-Me) towards viruses was evaluated under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 25 and 150 mW\u00b7cm\u22122, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the approved MB. None of the PSs caused hemolysis at the isotonic conditions, using a T4-like phage as a model of mammalian viruses. All porphyrins were more effective than MB in the photoinactivation of the T4-like phage in plasma. Moreover, the most efficient PS promoted a moderate inactivation rate of the T4-like phage in whole blood. Nevertheless, these porphyrins, such as MB, can be considered promising and safe PSs to photoinactivate viruses in blood plasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T01:43:01Z","timestamp":1664502181000},"page":"11548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-Viral Photodynamic Inactivation of T4-like Bacteriophage as a Mammalian Virus Model in Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana T. P. C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro M. O.","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2013REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. F.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2013REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G. P. M. S.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2013REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867023371355","article-title":"Pathogen Inactivation in Blood Products","volume":"9","author":"Wainwright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). Blood Transfusion Safety. The Clinical Use of Blood: In Medicine, Obstetrics, Paediatrics, Surgery & Anaesthesia, Trauma & Burns, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Hur, E., and Goodrich, R.P. (2011). Chapter 9. Pathogen Reduction in Blood for Transfusion Using Photodynamic Treatments. Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications, RSC Publishing.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849733083-00233"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"132","article-title":"Recommendations for the Transfusion of Plasma and Platelets","volume":"7","author":"Liumbruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00352-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00352-18","article-title":"Transfusion-Transmitted Infections: An Update on Product Screening, Diagnostic Techniques, and the Path Ahead","volume":"56","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12144","article-title":"Haemovigilance Data on the Use of Methylene Blue Virally Inactivated Fresh Frozen Plasma with the Theraflex MB-Plasma System in Comparison to Quarantine Plasma: 11 Years\u2019 Experience","volume":"24","author":"Politis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.12.016","article-title":"Development of Blood Transfusion Product Pathogen Reduction Treatments: A Review of Methods, Current Applications and Demands","volume":"52","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2015.07.004","article-title":"Current Concepts in the Prevention of Pathogen Transmission via Blood\/Plasma-Derived Products for Bleeding Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Perno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aabdien, M., Selim, N., Himatt, S., Hmissi, S., Merenkov, Z., AlKubaisi, N., Abdel-Rahman, M.E., Abdelmola, A., Khelfa, S., and Farag, E. (2020). Prevalence and Trends of Transfusion Transmissible Infections among Blood Donors in the State of Qatar, 2013\u20132017. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05344-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-5-25","article-title":"Transfusion-Transmitted Infections","volume":"5","author":"Bihl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-04-0229","article-title":"Contamination of Coagulation Factor Concentrates with Human Parvovirus B19 Genotype 1 and 2","volume":"92","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/429780","article-title":"Environmental Contaminants in Hospital Settings and Progress in Disinfecting Techniques","volume":"2013","author":"Messina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8571","DOI":"10.1039\/C8DT00087E","article-title":"Upconversion in Photodynamic Therapy: Plumbing the Depths","volume":"47","author":"Hamblin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0189","article-title":"Advances in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation at the Nanoscale","volume":"6","author":"Kashef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.59","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria: Finding the Effective Targets","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2018.1467876","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy\u2014What We Know and What We Don\u2019t","volume":"44","author":"Cieplik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of Resistance Development and Viability Recovery by a Non-Enveloped Virus after Repeated Cycles of APDT","volume":"91","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, E., Costa, L., Carvalho, C.M., Tom\u00e9, J.P., Faustino, M.A., Neves, M.G., Tom\u00e9, A.C., Cavaleiro, J.A., Cunha, \u00c2., and Almeida, A. (2009). Charge Effect on the Photoinactivation of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria by Cationic Meso-Substituted Porphyrins. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-70"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150415151505","article-title":"Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation Against Virus Particles","volume":"15","author":"Sobotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0010","article-title":"An Efficient Formulation Based on Cationic Porphyrins to Photoinactivate Staphylococcus Aureus Escherichia coli","volume":"10","author":"Marciel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesquita, M.Q., Dias, C.J., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., Almeida, A., and Faustino, M.A.F. (2018). Revisiting Current Photoactive Materials for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102424"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3390\/v4071034","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Mammalian Viruses and Bacteriophages","volume":"4","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2013.08.001","article-title":"Plasma Treated with Methylene Blue and Light: Clinical Efficacy and Safety Profile","volume":"27","author":"Lozano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000323786","article-title":"Main Properties of the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma System for Pathogen Reduction","volume":"38","author":"Seghatchian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.03424.x","article-title":"West Nile Virus in Plasma Is Highly Sensitive to Methylene Blue-Light Treatment","volume":"44","author":"Mohr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00840.x","article-title":"The Efficacy of Photochemical Treatment with Methylene Blue and Light for the Reduction of Trypanosoma Cruzi in Infected Plasma","volume":"91","author":"Bueno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08586.x","article-title":"Virus Inactivation of Blood Products by Phenothiazine Dyes and Light","volume":"65","author":"Mohr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102771","article-title":"Methylene Blue-Treated Plasma, versus Quarantine Fresh Frozen Plasma, for Acute Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treatment: Comparison between Centres and Critical Review on Longitudinal Data","volume":"59","author":"Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07292.x","article-title":"Methylene Blue-Photoinactivated Plasma versus Quarantine Fresh Frozen Plasma in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Multicentric, Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"143","author":"Muncunill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Yu, B., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Zhou, X., Yao, H., Liu, F., Lu, X., Cheng, L., and Jiang, M. (2021). Retraction Note to: Methylene Blue Photochemical Treatment as a Reliable SARS-CoV-2 Plasma Virus Inactivation Method for Blood Safety and Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06344-9"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2016-0217","article-title":"An Effective and Potentially Safe Blood Disinfection Protocol Using Tetrapyrrolic Photosensitizers","volume":"9","author":"Marciel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, V., Gomes, A.T.P.C., Freitas, A., Faustino, M.A.F., Neves, M.G.P.M.S., and Almeida, A. (2019). Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040221"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1039\/b403127j","article-title":"Erythrocytes\u2014The \u2018House Elves\u2019 of Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Kaestner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1995.tb05281.x","article-title":"Alterations in erythrocyte band 3 organization induced by the photosensitizer, hematoporphyrin derivative","volume":"62","author":"Beaton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"413","article-title":"Effect of Erythrocyte Membrane Structure on the Dose Dependence of Photohemolysis","volume":"41","author":"Bolodon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000323552","article-title":"The Use of Solvent\/Detergent Treatment in Pathogen Reduction of Plasma","volume":"38","author":"Hellstern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00207-7","article-title":"Methylene Blue Derivatives\u2014Suitable Photoantimicrobials for Blood Product Disinfection?","volume":"16","author":"Wainwright","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1054\/blre.2000.0129","article-title":"Reducing the Risk of Infection from Plasma Products: Specific Preventative Strategies","volume":"14","author":"Burnouf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16524","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c01721","article-title":"Photoinduced Photosensitizer\u2013Antibody Conjugates Kill HIV Env-Expressing Cells, Also Inactivating HIV","volume":"6","author":"Sadraeian","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadraeian, M., Bahou, C., da Cruz, E.F., Janini, L.M.R., Sobhie Diaz, R., Boyle, R.W., Chudasama, V., and Eduardo Gontijo Guimar\u00e3es, F. (2020). Photoimmunotherapy Using Cationic and Anionic Photosensitizer-Antibody Conjugates against HIV Env-Expressing Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0494.v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1039\/b712749a","article-title":"Sewage Bacteriophage Photoinactivation by Cationic Porphyrins: A Study of Charge Effect","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutter, E., Bryan, D., Ray, G., Brewster, E., Blasdel, B., and Guttman, B. (2018). From Host to Phage Metabolism: Hot Tales of Phage T4\u2019s Takeover of E. coli. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0416.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, C.P.S., Faustino, M.A.F., Almeida, A., and Louren\u00e7o, L.M.O. (2022). The Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Effect on Escherichia coli through the Action of Inverted Cationic Porphyrin\u2013Cyclodextrin Conjugates. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040718"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109557","article-title":"Pyrazole-Pyridinium Porphyrins and Chlorins as Powerful Photosensitizers for Photoinactivation of Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of E. coli","volume":"193","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2019.03.021","article-title":"Comparative Photodynamic Inactivation of Bioluminescent E. coli by Pyridinium and Inverted Pyridinium Chlorins","volume":"173","author":"Calmeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100422","article-title":"Overview of Cationic Phthalocyanines for Effective Photoinactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms","volume":"48","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2015.07.031","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Escherichia coli with Cationic Meso-Tetraarylporphyrins\u2014The Charge Number and Charge Distribution Effects","volume":"266","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05174a","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Penicillium Chrysogenum Conidia by Cationic Porphyrins","volume":"10","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101788","article-title":"Unsymmetrical Cationic Porphyrin-Cyclodextrin Bioconjugates for Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli","volume":"31","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108476","article-title":"Versatile Thiopyridyl\/Pyridinone Porphyrins Combined with Potassium Iodide and Thiopyridinium\/Methoxypyridinium Porphyrins on E. coli Photoinactivation","volume":"181","author":"Calmeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorov, V., Kholina, E., Khruschev, S., Kovalenko, I., Rubin, A., and Strakhovskaya, M. (2021). What Binds Cationic Photosensitizers Better: Brownian Dynamics Reveals Key Interaction Sites on Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081615"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharshov, K., Solomatina, M., Kurskaya, O., Kovalenko, I., Kholina, E., Fedorov, V., Meerovich, G., Rubin, A., and Strakhovskaya, M. (2021). The Photosensitizer Octakis (Cholinyl) Zinc Phthalocyanine with Ability to Bind to a Model Spike Protein Leads to a Loss of SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro When Exposed to Far-Red LED. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040643"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12899","article-title":"Light-Based Methods for Whole Blood Bacterial Inactivation Enabled by a Recirculating Flow System","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.08.013","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation for in Vitro Decontamination of Staphylococcus Aureus in Whole Blood","volume":"28","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.082","article-title":"A Spectrophotometric Micromethod for Determining Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin-IX in Whole Blood or Erythrocytes","volume":"43","author":"Kufner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM)"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P., Pereira, C., Gomes, A., and Almeida, A. (2019). Efficiency of Single Phage Suspensions and Phage Cocktail in the Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium: An In Vitro Preliminary Study. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7040094"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/11548\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:11Z","timestamp":1760143451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/19\/11548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms231911548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911548","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}}}