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e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal)","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/32349\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/32349\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CVT-CVT\/7741\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/150900\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2021.04867.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04867.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT, Portugal","award":["2020.00290.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00290.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work aimed to study the role of dietary tryptophan supplementation in modulating the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune condition during stressful rearing conditions (i.e., 15 days exposure to high density), as well as the immune response to acute inflammation after intraperitoneal injection of a bacterial pathogen. Stress alone did not compromise seabass health indicators. In contrast, a clear peripheral and local inflammatory response was observed in response to the inoculated bacteria. Moreover, exposure to a high stocking density seemed to exacerbate the inflammatory response at early sampling points, compared to fish stocked at a lower density. In contrast, stressed fish presented some immune-suppressing effects on the T-cell surface glycoprotein receptor expressions at a late sampling point following inflammation. Regarding the effects of dietary tryptophan, no changes were observed on seabass immune indicators prior to inflammation, while a small number of immunosuppressive effects were observed in response to inflammation, supporting tryptophan\u2019s role in the promotion of immune-tolerance signals during inflammation. Nonetheless, tryptophan dietary supplementation improved the inflammatory response against a bacterial pathogen during stressful conditions, supported by a reduction of plasma cortisol levels, an up-regulation of several immune-related genes at 48 h, and an inversion of the previously observed, stress-induced T-cell suppression. Finally, the involvement of tryptophan catabolism in macrophages was confirmed by the up-regulation of genes involved in the kynurenine pathway. The present study brings new insights regarding the immune modulatory role of tryptophan during stressful conditions in fish, thus allowing for the development of novel prophylactic protocols during vaccination by intraperitoneal injection in the European seabass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"12475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Tryptophan Modulatory Role in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Immune Response to Acute Inflammation under Stressful Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Marina (INMAR), Universidad de C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ricardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar (CCMAR), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.11.024","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan and methionine as modulators of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status and inflammatory response","volume":"42","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44205-3","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan deficiency and its supplementation compromises inflammatory mechanisms and disease resistance in a teleost fish","volume":"9","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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