{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:15:34Z","timestamp":1771676134268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia a Tecnologia (FCT) and Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/100865\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/100865\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia a Tecnologia (FCT) and Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/116801\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/116801\/2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/100865\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/100865\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/116801\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/116801\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental stress triggered by climate change can alter the plant\u2019s metabolite profile, which affects its physiology and performance. This is particularly important in medicinal species because their economic value depends on the richness of their phytocompounds. We aimed to characterize how water deficit modulated the medicinal species Melia\u00a0azedarach\u2019s lipophilic profile and antioxidant status. Young plants were exposed to water deficit for 20 days, and lipophilic metabolite profile and the antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Leaves of M. azedarach are rich in important fatty acids and oleamide. Water deficit increased the radical scavenging capacity, total phenol, flavonoids, and catechol pools, and the accumulation of \u03b2-sitosterol, myo-inositol, succinic acid, sucrose, d-glucose and derivatives, d-psicofuranose, d-(+)-fructofuranose, and the fatty acids stearic, \u03b1-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids. These responses are relevant to protecting the plant against climate change-related stress and also increase the nutritional and antioxidant quality of M. azedarach leaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:56:36Z","timestamp":1667908596000},"page":"13611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Phytochemical and Antioxidant Profile of the Medicinal Plant Melia azedarach Subjected to Water Deficit Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3083-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Celeste","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4249-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C. G. A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5440-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Cal\u00e7ada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IB2 Lab, Department of Biology & LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, Rua do Campo, Alegre, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IB2 Lab, Department of Biology & LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, Rua do Campo, Alegre, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23763-y","article-title":"Long-term response of forest productivity to climate change is mostly driven by change in tree species composition","volume":"8","author":"Morin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591911","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.591911","article-title":"Drought and Salinity Stress Responses and Microbe-Induced Tolerance in Plants","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00800","article-title":"Mechanisms of ROS Regulation of Plant Development and Stress Responses","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A., and Smith, D.L. (2020). Flavonoids in Agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses, and Microbial Associations. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081209"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14023540","article-title":"Flavonoids as Antioxidants and Developmental Regulators: Relative Significance in Plants and Humans","volume":"14","author":"Brunetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112695","article-title":"Phenolic and lipophilic metabolite adjustments in Olea europaea (olive) trees during drought stress and recovery","volume":"185","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.01.004","article-title":"UV-B radiation modulates physiology and lipophilic metabolite profile in Olea europaea","volume":"222","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR2019.6872","article-title":"Advances in the research of Adenanthera pavonina: From traditional use to intellectual property","volume":"14","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7614","article-title":"The physiology of plant responses to drought","volume":"368","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, S., Landi, M., Sharma, A., Ramakrishnan, M., and Sharma, A. (2020). The Impact of Drought in Plant Metabolism: How to Exploit Tolerance Mechanisms to Increase Crop Production. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165692"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Choudhary, K.K., Kumar, A., and Singh, A.K. (2019). Medicinal plants. Climate Change and Agricultural Ecosystems, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, M., Prada, J., Mariz-Ponte, N., Santos, C., Pereira, J., Pinto, D., Silva, A., and Dias, M. (2021). Antioxidant Adjustments of Olive Trees (Olea europaea) under Field Stress Conditions. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040684"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006","article-title":"The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09708-2","article-title":"The role of sterols in plant response to abiotic stress","volume":"19","author":"Rogowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.08.014","article-title":"Balangu (Lallemantia sp.) growth and physiology under field drought conditions affecting plant medicinal content","volume":"130","author":"Omidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Applequist, J., Burroughs, C., Ramirez, A., Merkel, P.A., Rothenberg, M.E., Trapnell, B., Desnick, R.J., Sahin, M., and Krischer, J.P. (2020). A novel approach to conducting clinical trials in the community setting: Utilizing patient-driven platforms and social media to drive web-based patient recruitment. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00926-y"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, S.K., Kumar, A., Id, D., and Sharma, R. (2018). Growth dynamics of different half-sib families of Melia azedarach Linn. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207121"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00158","article-title":"Repellent and Lethal Activities of Extracts from Fruits of Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L., Meliaceae) against Triatoma infestans","volume":"5","author":"Zeinsteger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hammad, E.A.F. (2004). Chinaberry, Melia azedarach, L., A Biopesticidal Tree. Encyclopedia of Entomology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16571-y","article-title":"Predicting suitable habitats of Melia azedarach L. in China using data mining","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.12.014","article-title":"Melia azedarach plants show tolerance properties to water shortage treatment: An ecophysiological study","volume":"75","author":"Dias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.112433","article-title":"Phytochemical screening studies on Melia orientalis by GC-MS analysis","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"133","article-title":"Preliminary and pharmacological profile of Melia azedarach L.: An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0181","article-title":"Evaluation of Melia azedarach Extracts against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"18","author":"Nedel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02448-7","article-title":"Evaluation of insecticidal activity of nanoformulation of Melia azedarach (leaf) extract as a safe environmental insecticide","volume":"17","author":"Khoshraftar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2013.12.013","article-title":"Improving elms performance under drought stress: The pretreatment with abscisic acid","volume":"100","author":"Dias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01147","article-title":"Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options","volume":"8","author":"Fahad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.12.007","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress endpoints to discriminate olive cultivars tolerance to drought and heat episodes","volume":"231","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2014.03.024","article-title":"Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and accumulation of flavonoid in wheat leaves in response to drought stress","volume":"80","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Shahzad, B., Rehman, A., Bhardwaj, R., Landi, M., and Zheng, B. (2019). Response of Phenylpropanoid Pathway and the Role of Polyphenols in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132452"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_41_17","article-title":"A review: Melia azedarach L. as a potent anticancer drug","volume":"12","author":"Ervina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.11.028","article-title":"Enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Melia azedarach L. naturalized in Anatolia and its phenolic acid and fatty acid composition","volume":"37","author":"Orhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7332","article-title":"Factors affecting the content of the ursolic and oleanolic acid in apple peel: Influence of cultivars, sun exposure, storage conditions, bruising and Penicillium expansum infection","volume":"96","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soko\u0142a-Wysocza\u0144ska, E., Wysocza\u0144ski, T., Wagner, J., Czy\u017c, K., Bodkowski, R., Lochy\u0144ski, S., and Patkowska-Soko\u0142a, B. (2018). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101561"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105-013-0563-6","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress in Populus simonii","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.031","article-title":"Analysis of organic acids in electron beam irradiated chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.): Effects of radiation dose and storage time","volume":"55","author":"Carocho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, A., Carbone, E., Zhang, J., Marzouk, E., Villegas, M., Siegel, A., Nguyen, D., Possidente, T., Hartman, J., and Polley, K. (2017). Short-term succinic acid treatment mitigates cerebellar mitochondrial OXPHOS dysfunction, neurodegeneration and ataxia in a Purkinje-specific spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mouse model. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188425"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-401-2_12","article-title":"Analysis of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Activity in Plants","volume":"Volume 1009","author":"Munnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Lipid Signaling Protocols"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.01.017","article-title":"Differential proteomic analysis of the anti-depressive effects of oleamide in a rat chronic mild stress model of depression","volume":"131","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.02.027","article-title":"Determination of the contents of the main biochemical compounds of Adlay (Coxi lachrymal-jobi)","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-013-1998-6","article-title":"Stimulation of nitrogen removal in the rhizosphere of aquatic duckweed by root exudate components","volume":"239","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.5477","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activities of dietary medicinal ethanolic extracts against pathogenic reference strains of animal origin","volume":"7","author":"Sherein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00354","article-title":"Why Do Plants Convert Sitosterol to Stigmasterol?","volume":"10","author":"Aboobucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccini, C., Cai, G., Dias, M.C., Ara\u00fajo, M., Parri, S., Romi, M., Faleri, C., and Cantini, C. (2021). Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform\/Activity of RubisCO. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011214"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2008.36","article-title":"Plant sterol consumption frequency affects plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics in humans","volume":"63","author":"AbuMweis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.5.8294","article-title":"Soluble sugars-metabolism, sensing and abiotic stress a complex network in the life of plants","volume":"4","author":"Rosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01092","article-title":"ROS Regulation During Abiotic Stress Responses in Crop Plants","volume":"6","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-013-0217-7","article-title":"Targeted expression of L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase from Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka confers multiple stress tolerance in transgenic crop plants","volume":"23","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiNicola, S., Minini, M., Unfer, V., Verna, R., Cucina, A., and Bizzarri, M. (2017). Nutritional and Acquired Deficiencies in Inositol Bioavailability. Correlations with Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102187"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005009214988","article-title":"Foliage Age and Pollution Alter Content of Phenolic Compounds and Chemical Elements in Pinus nigra Needles","volume":"110","author":"Giertych","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:35Z","timestamp":1760145095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/21\/13611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232113611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]}}}