{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:05:22Z","timestamp":1762254322462,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/PIDDAC","award":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106099RB-C43\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","UIDB\/04650\/2020-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TiO2:Au-based photocatalysis represents a promising alternative to remove contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from wastewater under sunlight irradiation. However, spherical Au nanoparticles, generally used to sensitize TiO2, still limit the photocatalytic spectral band to the 520 nm region, neglecting a high part of sun radiation. Here, a ligand-free synthesis of TiO2:Au nanostars is reported, substantially expanding the light absorption spectral region. TiO2:Au nanostars with different Au component sizes and branching were generated and tested in the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Interestingly, nanoparticles with the smallest branching showed the highest photocatalytic degradation, 83% and 89% under UV and visible radiation, together with a threshold in photocatalytic activity in the red region. The applicability of these multicomponent nanoparticles was further explored with their incorporation into a porous matrix based on PVDF-HFP to open the way for a reusable energy cost-effective system in the photodegradation of polluted waters containing CECs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:34:52Z","timestamp":1667961292000},"page":"13741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Size Effect in Hybrid TiO2:Au Nanostars for Photocatalytic Water Remediation Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4486-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana M.","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5757-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LaPMET\u2014Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Vilas-Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Macromolecular Chemistry Research Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5110-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutuzova, A., Dontsova, T., and Kwapinski, W. 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