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#144494"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methylmercury (MeHg) is highly toxic to the human brain. Although much is known about MeHg neurotoxic effects, less is known about how chronic MeHg affects hippocampal amino acids and other neurochemical markers in adult mice. In this study, we evaluated the MeHg effects on systemic lipids and inflammation, hippocampal oxidative stress, amino acid levels, neuroinflammation, and behavior in adult male mice. Challenged mice received MeHg in drinking water (2 mg\/L) for 30 days. We assessed weight gain, total plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), endotoxin, and TNF levels. Hippocampal myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amino acid levels, and cytokine transcripts were evaluated. Mice underwent open field, object recognition, Y, and Barnes maze tests. MeHg-intoxicated mice had higher weight gain and increased the TG and TC plasma levels. Elevated circulating TNF and LPS confirmed systemic inflammation. Higher levels of MPO and MDA and a reduction in IL-4 transcripts were found in the hippocampus. MeHg-intoxication led to increased GABA and glycine, reduced hippocampal taurine levels, delayed acquisition in the Barnes maze, and poor locomotor activity. No significant changes were found in AChE activity and object recognition. Altogether, our findings highlight chronic MeHg-induced effects that may have long-term mental health consequences in prolonged exposed human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T19:16:23Z","timestamp":1668107783000},"page":"13837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chronic Methylmercury Intoxication Induces Systemic Inflammation, Behavioral, and Hippocampal Amino Acid Changes in C57BL6J Adult Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tyciane S.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-275, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0080-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo P.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ramon S.","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Biology Core, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60812-020, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2996-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Iury G.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ssia R.","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Geanne M.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-275, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lucas","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Anne H.","family":"Fostier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sussulini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline I.","family":"Alvarez-Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fontes-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o O.","family":"Malva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinaldo B.","family":"Ori\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.044","article-title":"Spatial variation of mercury bioaccumulation in bats of Canada linked to atmospheric mercury deposition","volume":"626","author":"Hickey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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