{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:58:53Z","timestamp":1778666333584,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds from FCT\u2013Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thiamethoxam (TMX) is an effective neonicotinoid insecticide. However, its widespread use is detrimental to non-targeted organisms and water systems. This study investigates the biodegradation of this insecticide by Labrys portucalensis F11. After 30 days of incubation in mineral salt medium, L. portucalensis F11 was able to remove 41%, 35% and 100% of a supplied amount of TMX (10.8 mg L\u22121) provided as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, the sole carbon and sulfur source and as the sole carbon source, respectively. Periodic feeding with sodium acetate as the supplementary carbon source resulted in faster degradation of TMX (10.8 mg L\u22121); more than 90% was removed in 3 days. The detection and identification of biodegradation intermediates was performed by UPLC-QTOF\/MS\/MS. The chemical structure of 12 metabolites is proposed. Nitro reduction, oxadiazine ring cleavage and dechlorination are the main degradation pathways proposed. After biodegradation, toxicity was removed as indicated using Aliivibrio fischeri and by assessing the synthesis of an inducible \u03b2-galactosidase by an E. coli mutant (Toxi-Chromo test). L. portucalensis F11 was able to degrade TMX under different conditions and could be effective in bioremediation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1668999141000},"page":"14326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biodegradation and Metabolic Pathway of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiamethoxam by Labrys portucalensis F11"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumeima","family":"Boufercha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Brothers Mentouri, Constantine 1, Cha\u00e2bat Erssas Campus, Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Brothers Mentouri, Constantine 1, Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Monforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Allaoueddine","family":"Boudemagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Brothers Mentouri, Constantine 1, Ain El Bey Road, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula M. L.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina S.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-019-00841-x","article-title":"A Review on Occurrence of Pesticides in Environment and Current Technologies for Their Remediation and Management","volume":"60","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. 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