{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:36:27Z","timestamp":1768559787337,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/7519\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/7519\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144534\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144534\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144994\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144994\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01886\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01886\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral mucositis (OM), a common side effect of oncological treatment, is an oral mucosal disorder characterized by painful ulcerations and increased risk of infection. The use of natural antioxidants to suppress the redox imbalance responsible for the OM condition has emerged as an interesting approach to prevent\/treat OM. This study aims to explore the chestnut (Castana sativa) shells as potential active ingredient against OM. Therefore, chestnut shells were extracted at different temperatures (110\u2013180 \u00b0C) by Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), aiming to recover antioxidants. The extracts were also evaluated against microorganisms present in the oral cavity as well as on human oral cell lines (TR146 and HSC3). The highest phenolic content was obtained with the extraction temperature of 110 \u00b0C, exhibiting the best antioxidant\/antiradical activities and scavenging efficiencies against HOCl (IC50 = 4.47 \u03bcg\/mL) and ROO\u2022 (0.73 \u03bcmol TE\/mg DW). High concentrations of phenolic acids (e.g., gallic and protocatechuic acids) and flavanoids (catechin, epicatechin and rutin) characterized the phenolic profile. The antimicrobial activity against several oral microorganisms present in the oral cavity during OM, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia, was demonstrated. Finally, the effects on HSC3 and TR146 cell lines revealed that the extract prepared at 110 \u00b0C had the lowest IC50 (1325.03 and 468.15 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). This study highlights the potential effects of chestnut shells on OM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T01:52:20Z","timestamp":1669773140000},"page":"14956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["New Perspectives on the Sustainable Employment of Chestnut Shells as Active Ingredient against Oral Mucositis: A First Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5268-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela M.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas e Das Biomol\u00e9culas (CQB) e Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Sa\u00fade e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4400-330 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslava","family":"\u0160varc-Gaji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara, 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/UCIBIO\u2014MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.S., Macedo, C., Silva, A.M., Delerue-Matos, C., Costa, P., and Rodrigues, F. 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