{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T23:27:17Z","timestamp":1771889237828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project CA.RA.VA.N\u2013\u201cToward a Camel Transnational Value Chain\u201d","award":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"]}]},{"name":"project CA.RA.VA.N\u2013\u201cToward a Camel Transnational Value Chain\u201d","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project CA.RA.VA.N\u2013\u201cToward a Camel Transnational Value Chain\u201d","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project CA.RA.VA.N\u2013\u201cToward a Camel Transnational Value Chain\u201d","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project CA.RA.VA.N\u2013\u201cToward a Camel Transnational Value Chain\u201d","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCIN-2016-00011-00-00"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Up to the present day, studies on the therapeutic properties of camel (Camelus spp.) urine and the detailed characterization of its metabolomic profile are scarce and often unrelated. Information on inter individual variability is noticeably limited, and there is a wide divergence across studies regarding the methods for sample storage, pre-processing, and extract derivatization for metabolomic analysis. Additionally, medium osmolarity is not experimentally adjusted prior to bioactivity assays. In this scenario, the methodological standardization and interdisciplinary approach of such processes will strengthen the interpretation, repeatability, and replicability of the empirical results on the compounds with bioactive properties present in camel urine. Furthermore, sample enlargement would also permit the evaluation of camel urine\u2019s intra- and interindividual variability in terms of chemical composition, bioactive effects, and efficacy, while it may also permit researchers to discriminate potential animal-intrinsic and extrinsic conditioning factors. Altogether, the results would help to evaluate the role of camel urine as a natural source for the identification and extraction of specific novel bioactive substances that may deserve isolated chemical and pharmacognostic investigations through preclinical tests to determine their biological activity and the suitability of their safety profile for their potential inclusion in therapeutic formulas for improving human and animal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T05:45:22Z","timestamp":1669787122000},"page":"15024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Camel (Camelus spp.) Urine Bioactivity and Metabolome: A Systematic Review of Knowledge Gaps, Advances, and Directions for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Iglesias Pastrana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1657-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Vicente","family":"Delgado Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6916-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Noemi","family":"Sgobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-5151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Navas Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4249-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C. G. A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iola F.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70125 Bari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.5301\/JN.2011.6463","article-title":"Urine therapy through the centuries","volume":"24","author":"Savica","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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