{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T23:42:38Z","timestamp":1772667758634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine\u2014iBiMED","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136896\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136896\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136896\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136896\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male fertility relies on the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize the egg in the female reproductive tract (FRT). Spermatozoa acquire activated motility during epididymal maturation; however, to be capable of fertilization, they must achieve hyperactivated motility in the FRT. Extensive research found that three protein phosphatases (PPs) are crucial to sperm motility regulation, the sperm-specific protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) isoform gamma 2 (PP1\u03b32), protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B). Studies have reported that PP activity decreases during epididymal maturation, whereas protein kinase activity increases, which appears to be a requirement for motility acquisition. An interplay between these PPs has been extensively investigated; however, many specific interactions and some inconsistencies remain to be elucidated. The study of PPs significantly advanced following the identification of naturally occurring toxins, including calyculin A, okadaic acid, cyclosporin, endothall and deltamethrin, which are powerful and specific PP inhibitors. This review aims to overview the protein phosphorylation-dependent biochemical pathways underlying sperm motility acquisition and hyperactivation, followed by a discussion of the PP inhibitors that allowed advances in the current knowledge of these pathways. Since male infertility cases still attain alarming numbers, additional research on the topic is required, particularly using other PP inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T02:13:12Z","timestamp":1670206392000},"page":"15235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["PP1, PP2A and PP2B Interplay in the Regulation of Sperm Motility: Lessons from Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ana F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2884-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana V.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro F.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Fardilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.110163","article-title":"Signaling in Sperm: Toward a Molecular Understanding of the Acquisition of Sperm Motility in the Mouse Epididymis","volume":"89","author":"Vadnais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. 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